The Most Dangerous Game :: Essays Papers

The Most Dangerous Game The short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell is about the tracker and the pursued yet later in the story it becomes unexpected in light of the fact that it transforms into a game were the tracker turns into the pursued. It transforms into a pursuit of rivalry and of endurance. Two mariners Rainsford and his accomplice Whitney cruised in to the obscurity of the of ocean. Their motivation was to chase, they considered it the most noteworthy game. They were trackers and made a beeline for the Amazon to chase horrible creatures, for example, Jaguars, and tigers. They cruised to an island called Boat Trap Island. Mariners dreaded this island and had inquisitive fear of such a scarry place. The sky was loaded up with haziness when suddently he heard Three weapon shots that were discharged, and heard them over and over. At that point he heard a shout while smoking a funnel when suddently the channel fell and as he attempted to go after it he whent down into the ocean were the waves gulped his shouts. No one could have heard him as the sea gulped his shouts and the main possibility of endurance was to swim. Rainsford swam towards the shouts and wound up in the Island. He strolled on the shoreline and later found a spot that resembled a manor. There he met General Zaroff who purchased the island to chase. He was for sure a sporstman who designed another impression of the chasing game. His game was to prepare those men what ships' identity was' destroyed and wound up in that island, and afterward give them food and a blade for three days. When they were prepared they were driven out into the island as a head start while Zaroff pursue them and attempted to chase them down. On the off chance that They made due during those three days they had dominated the match and they were without let yet in the other case in the event that they were discovered they were killed. Zaroff never lost the game so on the off chance that one of the men being pursued was going to endure he would discharge the dogs to pursued them. Rainsford rested and the following morning had a question with Zaroff and revealed to him that this chasing style was to ruthless. In this contention Zaroff got frantic and now in the story Raisford turned into the pursued. He was given free access to the island were he was to set himself up for the <a href=http://www.

Poland Business Cycle Free Essays

This Country Focus investigations and deciphers the factual attributes of the Polish business cycle. It likewise recognizes driving and slacking factors and shows that the financial variances in Poland vary somewhat from those in other rising and develop economies, with Polish development outstandingly increasingly unstable and government use exceptionally flighty. The accessible information on GDP development recommend that the Polish economy is moving toward the pinnacle of the subsequent business cycle since the beginning of financial change from a halfway intended to a market economy. We will compose a custom article test on Poland Business Cycle or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The current rise is somewhat like the one of 1995-1997 which finished in huge macroeconomic uneven characters (expanding joblessness, save limit, broadening monetary and current record shortfalls). In any case, Poland currently has all the earmarks of being preferred situated over after the last cycle and ought to have the option to maintain a strategic distance from a rehash of that result. Business cycles in developing business sector economies Although the financial writing on business cycles is huge, as of late have a few papers on business cycles in developing business sector economies showed up. Normally they break down monetary variances inside specific nations (e. g. Benczur and Ratfai, 2005) or make some crosscountry correlations (e. g. Aguayo et al. , 2004 or Carmignani, 2005). A typical technique utilized in the investigation of business cycles (in light of perceptions of develop economies and financial hypothesis) separates expert recurrent, counter-repeating and a-patterned factors. Expert repetitive factors vacillate along with GDP (e. g. mechanical creation, venture, business, expansion), countercyclical factors against GDP (e. g. nemployment, net fares) and a-patterned factors autonomously of GDP (e. g. genuine loan costs). 1 regarding timing, the ‘stylised facts’ of the business cycle recognize driving, slacking and correspondent factors: driving factors push forward of GDP (e. g. normal work efficiency, stock venture, cash gracefully), slacking factors follow GDP (e. g. swelling, ostensible loan fees) and incidental factors, as the name proposes, mov e unintentionally with GDP (e. g. mechanical creation, utilization, business) (Snowdon Vane, 2005, p. 306). In general, business cycles in developing business sector economies (Carmignani, 2005)2 are very little unique in relation to those in develop economies (Snowdon and Vane, 2005, p. 306), By Michal Narozny* The business cycle in Poland: where do we stand? Features in this issue: †¢ While in general not unique in relation to develop economies, the properties of the business cycle in Poland show some extraordinary attributes †¢ The present cycle appears to have arrived at a pinnacle however the log jam is likely not to be as articulated as in the past cycle Volume IV, Issue 9 03. 08. 2007 ECFIN COUNTRY FOCUS Directorate for the Economies of the Member States. The perspectives communicated in the ECFIN Country Focus have a place with the creators in particular and don't really compare to those of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs or the European Commission. Monetary examination from the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Identification of bearing and timing is key in business cycle investigation ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 2 yet economies experiencing significant change (however they don't comprise a homogeneous gathering) show some particular attributes: in general, the economy is considerably more unpredictable than in the euro zone, which is the outcome of auxiliary switches and making up for lost time, †¢ stuns are marginally less constant than in the euro zone, and variances therefore increasingly visit, †¢ government utilization is more flighty than in the euro zone, recommending a huge optional component in financial strategies, yet not one that is essentially focused on patterned adjustment, †¢ work is a-repeating in a few, yet ace repetitive in other rising economies, †¢ swelling in developing economies is unstable and not plainly professional recurrent. Table 1 shows some speculative examination of the key macroeconomic factors in the Polish business cycle. All factors (aside from expansion and net fares) were logtransformed, de-seasonalised by methods for the X. 12 technique and later de-slanted utilizing the HP channel. Net fares were communicated as a proportion to GDP and deseasonalised by methods for the multiplicative X. 11 strategy before being de-drifted. Instability of recurrent vacillations, and subsequently the extent of the business cycle, is estimated by the standard deviation. Clean GDP unpredictability is around 0. 015, contrasted with 0. 08 for the euro zone. The perseverance of repeating vacillations is estimated by the auto-relationship coefficient: the more like 1, the more tireless the stun (and the more it takes to retain it) and along these lines the less change in the business cycle. Testing for the Polish business cycle tirelessness yields a coefficient of 0. 55 contrasted with 0. 85 for the euro zone. Table 1. Outline measurements of business cycle changes in Poland Correlations with the recurrent segment of GDP Poland Standard Autodeviation relationship - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 GDP 0. 015 0. 550 1 Modern creation 3. 317 0. 730 - 0. 018 0. 154 0. 314 0. 515 0. 771 0. 599 0. 444 0. 229 0. 113 Private utilization 0. 013 0. 269 0. 015 0. 079 0. 283 0. 433 0. 434 0. 385 0. 463 0. 380 0. 037 Government utilization 0. 020 0. 001 - 0. 200 0. 007 0. 230 0. 022 - 0. 211 0. 175 0. 282 0. 199 0. 051 GFCF 0. 070 0. 717 0. 357 0. 399 0. 403 0. 484 0. 824 0. 585 0. 371 0. 313 0. 344 Inventories 1. 189 - 0. 072 - 0. 139 0. 044 0. 021 0. 074 0. 199 0. 187 0. 150 0. 177 0. 230 Net fares 0. 012 0. 574 - 0. 061 - 0. 174 - 0. 386 - 0. 373 - 0. 326 - 0. 513 - 0. 497 - 0. 389 - 0. 452 Exports 0. 58 - 0. 005 0. 098 0. 199 0. 177 0. 225 0. 594 - 0. 018 0. 030 - 0. 016 - 0. 193 Imports 0. 063 0. 378 0. 097 0. 252 0. 350 0. 408 0. 672 0. 377 0. 384 0. 258 0. 175 Employment 0. 017 0. 857 0. 291 0. 372 0. 411 0. 452 0. 545 0. 409 0. 333 0. 355 0. 344 Labor profitability 0. 354 0. 512 0. 120 0. 090 0. 056 0. 070 0. 133 0. 257 0. 109 0. 026 - 0. 142 Money flexibly (M1) 0. 041 0. 776 - 0. 078 - 0. 060 0. 092 0. 260 0. 475 0. 472 0. 535 0. 505 0. 432 Inflation 1. 819 0. 779 0. 092 0. 321 0. 511 0. 596 0. 473 0. 290 0. 082 - 0. 082 - 0. 146 CPI 1. 737 0. 777 0. 086 0. 255 0. 411 0. 422 0. 00 0. 082 - 0. 075 - 0. 167 - 0. 184 Real financing cost 0. 655 0. 942 0. 226 0. 279 0. 302 0. 263 0. 135 0. 132 0. 120 0. 092 0. 088 Source: Own assessments. Information source: Eurostat. Test: 1995Q3 †2007Q1 Summary insights Lags Leads Business cycles in Poland †what is extraordinary and what is indistinguishable The investigation of the Polish cycle yields a number stylised realities, which are somewhat average for rising economies. Table 2 sums up various stylised realities on business cycles in develop economies and in Poland (remembering the moderately brief timeframe range for the last mentioned). It shows that a portion of the typical attributes of business cycles in develop economies (or even in rising economies) are not found in Poland. Where this is the situation, some understanding is advertised. Modern creation is normally expert repetitive and incidental in both develop and rising economies, yet in Poland it has a marginally driving property, which shows the significance of mechanical creation as a driver of the business cycle. In the total interest parts, private utilization is by all accounts procyclical in Poland. Be that as it may, it isn't incidental as in develop economies, and has a lead-slack profile that isn't run of the mill: it is practically level more than four quarters with some lead. Henceforth, albeit private utilization is the biggest part of GDP, the dynamic connection after some time between the two factors is inconsistent, conceivably showing utilization smoothing, which is normal for low-pay economies. In any case, the proportion of the standard deviation of private utilization to the standard deviation of GDP (by which utilization smoothing is typically judged) is evaluated at 0. 8, I. e. higher than the upper bound of the typical range announced in the writing. 3 This recommends utilization smoothing is absent in Poland, which may demonstrate lower hazard avoidance or potentially underdevelopment of budgetary markets. The Polish business cycle shows some trademark properties Business changes in Poland are profoundly unstable and constant ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 3 Table 2. The ‘stylised facts’ about business cycles in develop economies and Poland Variable Mature economies* Poland** class Variable Bearing Timing Direction Timing Supply side Industrial creation star repetitive incidental professional patterned correspondent/driving Private utilization genius recurrent correspondent ace repeating flighty Government utilization ace patterned unpredictable counter-recurrent/whimsical inconsistent GFCF master recurrent incidental expert repetitive incidental Inventories ace repetitive driving ace repeating driving Net fares counter-repeating correspondent/slacking counter-recurrent sporadic Exports ace patterned incidental ace repetitive incidental Demand segments Imports ace repetitive incidental ace recurrent incidental Work Employment professional repeating incidental genius patterned correspondent/slacking market Labor efficiency star recurrent driving ace repetitive driving Money flexibly master repeating driving expert recurrent driving Monetary Inflation ace recurrent slacking ace recurrent slacking factors Real Interest rates a-patterned inconsistent ace patterned slacking * Features usually found in the writing. Fundamental source: Snowdon ; Vane (2005) ** See Table 1 Source: Own estimations (see Table 1) and Snowdon ; Vane (2005) Government utilization is by all accounts neither efficiently counter-nor procyclical. High unpredictability and an exceptionally low constancy (I. e. visit vacillations of sizeable size) point to a sporadic

Autism and Rain Man free essay sample

Downpour Man In the motion pictures things are depicted in manners that should make the film sell, which implies that motion pictures are not constantly precise. The film Rain Man was about a man and his sibling, who happened to be a mentally unbalanced intellectual. In Rain Man Dustin Hoffman played Raymond, who was an advanced medically introverted academic. In the film Raymond had schedules and customs that he did; and when his schedules were hindered or he feared something he had a fit where he would hit his head. He would in general jibber jabber and rehash himself, and when he was focused on he would recount â€Å"Who’s on First? by Abbott and Costello. Raymond experienced difficulty cooperating with individuals and had issues understanding certain ideas. Raymond doesn’t like individuals contacting him or his stuff. He likewise doesn’t comprehend the idea of cash. The inquiry is, â€Å"Is this a reasonable depiction of a mentally unbalanced academic? â₠¬  The appropriate response is that in any event some portion of it is practical. The character Dustin Hoffman played depended on a genuine intellectual. The name of the intellectual that enlivened the film, and got the title of â€Å"real life Rain Man† was Kim Peek. Dustin Hoffman really invested energy with Kim Peek so he could all the more precisely play the character. While he may have gotten the academic piece of his job right, Dustin Hoffman might not have fundamentally gotten the medically introverted piece of his job right, since he didn’t really meet with a mentally unbalanced as he did with Kim Peek. That implies that to discover how exact the film was in depicting mental imbalance, you should initially investigate and show signs of improvement comprehension of chemical imbalance. Individuals with mental imbalance for the most part experience beginning preceding age three. It has been evaluated that there are roughly two to five instances of chemical imbalance per ten thousand people. Guys are four to multiple times bound to have chemical imbalance, yet young ladies with chemical imbalance are bound to be all the more seriously intellectually impeded. Additionally, you are bound to have chemical imbalance on the off chance that one of your kin has mental imbalance. Chemical imbalance has been appeared to take a ceaseless course. It has been accounted for that a few youngsters with mental imbalance act unusual from the hour of birth. Their folks report being stressed since the time they were conceived. With these children, their folks notice an absence of enthusiasm for social collaboration. In early stages, manifestations are more earnestly to see and characterize than those found after age two. Then again, it has additionally been accounted for that other youngsters with mental imbalance were formatively typical for the main year or two of their life. Youngsters with chemical imbalance will in general have issues with imagine play, verbal and nonverbal correspondence, and social collaborations. In school-matured kids formative increases are basic in certain regions. Typically, a few people fall apart around puberty while others improve. Just a limited quantity of medically introverted individuals are equipped for living and working independently when they arrive at adulthood. It is evaluated that just around 33% of medically introverted individuals are fit for accomplishing any measure of incomplete autonomy. Indeed, even the most advanced grown-ups with chemical imbalance despite everything have issues with social associations and correspondence. The most advanced grown-ups with mental imbalance will likewise still have a little scope of leisure activities and interests. Individuals with chemical imbalance may have unordinary trouble when schedules are changed. They likewise may perform rehashed body developments, demonstrate unordinary connections to objects, and be excessively delicate in sight, hearing, contact, smell, or taste. Individuals with mental imbalance will likewise have communicational issues, which may incorporate the powerlessness to begin or keep up a social discussion, utilizing motions to convey rather than words, having moderate language improvement or no language advancement, not modifying their look to concentrate on what others are taking a gander at, not alluding to themselves effectively (like by saying you rather than I when discussing themselves), not highlighting guide others focus toward objects, rehashing remembered words, expressions, discoursed, and sections (like from books or films), and utilizing gibberish rhyming. Mentally unbalanced individuals are pulled back. They don't make companions or take an interest in intuitive games. At the point when mentally unbalanced individuals play, they don’t emulate the activities of others. They incline toward single or formal play rather than bunch games. They take part in practically zero imagine or inventive play. Medically introverted individuals may not react to eye to eye connection or grins, and may even maintain a strategic distance from eye to eye connection. They may regard others as items rather than individuals and show an absence of sympathy towards others. Mentally unbalanced would prefer to invest energy alone than with others. Medically introverted individuals may likewise have bizarre reactions to tangible data. For xample, they may have uplifted or low faculties of sight, hearing, contact, smell, or taste. A mentally unbalanced individual would not bounce when they heard a boisterous clamor, despite the fact that they may discover t ypical commotions excruciating and clasp hands over ears. They may pull back from physical contact since it is over invigorating or overpowering. They may have elevated or brought reactions down to torment. They may likewise rub surfaces and lick objects. Mentally unbalanced individuals tend to â€Å"Act up with extreme fits when something they don't care for occurs (like not getting what they need). Medically introverted individuals may stall out on a solitary subject or assignment. They may likewise have a limited capacity to focus. Mentally unbalanced individuals will in general have thin interests and may show a solid requirement for equality. A medically introverted individual might be either overactive or detached. They may likewise show hostility towards themselves or others. Individuals with mental imbalance have explicit neuropsychological shortages that produce a considerable lot of the side effects related with chemical imbalance. It has been distinguished that prefrontal disabilities are available in mentally unbalanced individuals that influence things like spatial working memory, consideration moving, and reaction hindrance. Likewise, there have been weaknesses identified in the average worldly projection and in facial preparing. It has likewise been indicated that extremely small kids with mental imbalance have strange ERP reactions to faces, feelings, and discourse. It has likewise been demonstrated that individuals with mental imbalance have sound-related handling variations from the norm. There is no solution for mental imbalance, however the manifestations can be overseen through treatment. Additionally, it has been indicated that early, serious conduct projects can fundamentally improve learning and relational abilities and diminish upset practices. It has been demonstrated that youngsters that are better working toward the beginning of treatment are bound to acquire from the treatment. Biomedical medicines are restricted to utilizing drugs to deal with the troublesome conduct, self-harming, and generalized conduct. As indicated by Abnormal Psychology In A Changing World (Seventh Edition) â€Å"Autistic characteristics for the most part proceed into adulthood somewhat or another† (Nevid, Rathus Green, 2008, p. 485). All things being equal, some mentally unbalanced youngsters proceed to get professional educations and capacity freely. Others need steady treatment all through the term of their lives and some even need organized consideration. Since we have enough data on mental imbalance we can make a judgment on how sensible the film was in depicting Raymond Babbitt as a medically introverted intellectual. Since the entertainer met with Kim Peek, a genuine intellectual, and contemplated his quirks and capacities, we can infer that his portrayal of academics is sensible. He didn't however; meet with a mentally unbalanced to realize what they resemble, so we should see his activities as Raymond Babbitt and judge their credibility as the practices a medically introverted individual would understanding. It has been called attention to that in the film Raymond Babbitt had schedules and customs that he did; and when his schedules were hindered or he feared something he had a fit where he would hit his head. He would in general prattle and rehash himself, and when he was focused on he would present â€Å"Who’s on First? † by Abbott and Costello. Raymond experienced difficulty cooperating with individuals and had issues understanding certain ideas. Raymond doesn’t like individuals contacting him or his stuff. He likewise doesn’t comprehend the idea of cash. Aside from Raymond’s powerlessness to comprehend the idea of cash, the entirety of the peculiarities about Raymond that are not represented by his academic nature are represented by mental imbalance. The main thing unaccounted for is his powerlessness to comprehend the idea of cash which had a genuinely enormous impact in the storyline of the film. In this, all in all we can say that Rain Man followed reality entirely well in its portrayal of mental imbalance. ? References NICHD Staff Presentations on Autism Research. (2010, June 2). etrieved April 13 2011, from Autism Research at the NICHD Web Site: http://www. nichd. nih. gov/chemical imbalance/mental imbalance. cfm Treffert, D. , MD. (n. d. ). Kim Peek The Real Rain Man | Wisconsin Medical Society. Doctors Page | Wisconsin Medical Society. Recovered April 11, 2011, from http://www. wisconsinmedicalsociety. organization/savant_syndrome/savant_profiles/kim_peek Kanashiro, N Zieve, D (2010, April 26). Mental imbalance. recover ed April 10 2011, from Autism PubMed Health Web Site: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002494/American Psychiatric

Whatever They Told You About Excellent College Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Excellent College Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The Basic Facts of Excellent College Essay Samples At exactly the same time, you are going to impress the college admissions folks greatly if it is possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. Instead, think about a compelling reason you would want to visit college and compose that reason down. Attempt to conclude with an illustration of the way the failure improved the direction you deal with similar situations now. Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. When you start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person which you are. The primary goal behind essay writing isn't just sharing our feelings and views with the readers each of the times. For a beginning, the usual application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. When you follow your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. Because you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the ideal information about you, you should do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to attain its purposes. If you wish to create a college essay which works, you want to provide importance on the content which you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. Your college essay should contain information that are related to the instruction offered to you. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. You have to show the admission committee what makes you stick out from the other applicants. Many college authorities ask that you compose an application essay before getting an admission. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is an excellent fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. From grades to community assistance, most colleges have specific requirements they will search for in students. Be certain your essay explains everything the reader should know to comprehend what you were facing. By now you know precisely what you will write about and how you would like to tell the story. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. To determine what should be finished, you ought to take a look at a wonderful deal of other essay examples. When you surf our site for recommendations that may help you write your own essay, you will come across many helpful tips. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions provided to you. For more help, have a look at our article on thinking up wonderful tips for your essay topic. When you're finished writing, you want to make sure your essay still adheres to the prompt. Oftentimes, the most effective essay topic is one which lets a number of your imperfections seep through. You have to remember an essay example ought to have a critical tone to it, or in different words, it shouldn't be humorous. The essay, to put it differently, paints an extremely very good picture of our author. The way you begin your essay is important to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. The way you start your application essay is critical to how well it'll be received. Ease yourself in the essay-writing approach. An essay outline can help you organize the total structure of your essay. The prompt for this essay clarifies that even when you don't have a special story to tell, you still need to don't hesitate to choose this topic. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. This essay would like to know whether this mindset of out-of-the-box-ness is something you're already comfortable with. A superb essay is one which leaves an enduring impression. As stated earlier, it would follow the standard personal essay format. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective.

Approaches to the Study of Consumer Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2368 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Review Did you like this example? Economic Man, Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Cognitive and Humanistic Consumers possess considerable discretion to make independent and autonomous choices about what they will and will not buy, from whom they will buy, as well as from whom they will not, and this purchasing power leaves most businesses that are not monopolies little choice but to adopt a consumer orientation, meaning that they must resolutely focus on understanding customers in order to more effectively fulfil their needs (Baker Hart, 2003). Specifically, in marketing, a good understanding of customers lives to the maximum extent possible is crucial to ensuring that the most appropriate products and services are being marketed to the right people in the most effective way possible (Kotler Keller, 2012). Influencing consumers behaviour, and in particular their purchasing decisions, is at the focal point of all the effort and resources that are devoted to marketing (Kotler Armstrong, 2014) and because of this fact, marketers will require an in depth understanding of the principle s and motivations behind consumers behaviour if they expect to be able to effectively anticipate, forecast and perhaps even instigate what consumers will do in the future (Baker Hart, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Approaches to the Study of Consumer Behaviour" essay for you Create order According to Jobber and Fahy (2006), it is nearly impossible to succeed at marketing without an in-depth understanding of how and why consumers behave in the ways that they do and therefore, it is unsurprising that consumer behaviour and the ways in which consumers make decisions, particularly purchasing decisions, are prominent research topics and have been studied extensively in the various fields of consumer science (Erasmus, Boshoff, Rousseau, 2001). The first attempts at understanding consumer behaviour were based on the assumptions typically made in orthodox economics, that in a world of scarce resources, economic actors or economic men, are primarily motivated to reconcile the inevitable tension between unlimited needs and limited resources (Keizer, 2010) and that all behaviour results from rational decision making in the pursuit of purely self-regarding choices (Camerer Fehr, 2006). For instance, a consumer presented with the same product at different prices, all other t hings being equal, will almost certainly choose the option which has the lower price. This approach assumes that consumers are always consciously aware of all their true preferences, ranked in order of priority and social factors are assumed to be irrelevant in interpersonal relations, which are assumed to be primarily motivated by economics (Keizer, 2010). In essence, the economic men approach considers consumers behaviour to be motivated primarily by the rational pursuit of optimum economic benefit. Over the last three decades however, a large body of evidence has been accumulated showing that a number of the assumptions routinely made in economics about rationality and preference are, in reality, abstractions which are regularly violated in real world situations (Camerer Fehr, 2006). Behavioural psychologists dispute the assumption that consumers are by and large rational actors, the central assumption of the economic man approach (Keizer, 2010). In reality consumers behaviou r is often driven by psychological forces that often occur completely outside the conscious mind and of which consumers are not aware as well as motives that they may not fully understand (Kotler Armstrong, 2014) and, therefore, according to Keizer, (2010) to understand the functioning and the inner workings of the human mind is to gain insight as to what underlies and drives consumer behaviour. Even though the cognitive, psychodynamic and behavioural approaches to the study of consumer behaviour are all based on understanding the functioning of the mind, each takes a different perspective on the consumer in order to interpret their behaviour. The first attempts to ascribe consumer behavior to cognitive processes made use of the information processing patterns of digital computers in the 1960s as the model for the mental process of decision making (Baker Hart, 2003) and typically depict purchasing decisions by consumers as a five step sequential process which occurs mostly subc onsciously (Marsden Littler, 1996) starting with the recognition of a need or problem, followed by a search for information as to how that need may be fulfilled, which is then followed by an evaluation of available choices and options uncovered in the information search, after which the actual decision to purchase is made and then, finally, consumers undertake a post-decision evaluation of the outcome of the choice they have made (Erasmus, Boshoff, Rousseau, 2001). Baker Hart (2003) identify a weakness in this cognitive approach in pointing out that no account is taken of individual situational factors or context as no differentiation is made, for instance, between consumers making one-off buying decisions for durable products and others making repeat purchases of familiar brands or consumer goods. Also, in the case of low-risk, low-cost or low-involvement decisions or variety seeking consumers, information is not always processed in a deliberate rational manner (Kotler Keller, 2012). As the minds of other people are inaccessible, the cognitive approach is necessarily subjective (Keizer, 2010) and since there is no means by which cognitive processes can be directly observed or objectively measured, according to Bennett Bove (2002) they do not have a place in study and research. The psychodynamic approach to the study of consumer behaviour is largely based around the ideas and theories of Sigmund Freud (Backhaus et al., 2007) who believed that behaviour is not based on environmental stimuli or cognitive processes (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2008) but instead is the result of a fundamental internal conflict and interplay between the drive for gratification of needs, wants with desires, will power and the limitations on behaviour brought about due to the survival and social necessities of being accepted as a functioning member of society (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). Some drives may be innate, like the need to eat, while others will be acquired or l earned, like the need to smoke cigarettes (Bennett, 1996), but both drive behaviour all the same. According to Marsden Littler (1996) childhood experiences have a powerful influence on many of the drives that follow consumers throughout their lives. Sigmund Freud theorised that there are three systems within the human mind: the id, the ego and the superego. According to his theories, we are motivated as humans to behave in ways which minimise any conflict between these three entities (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). The id is about selfish, illogical and immediate gratification and nothing more, without regard for any consequences and operating according to the pleasure principle, which is the basic desire to maximise pleasure and avoid pain. The superego counteracts the id, acting in essence like a conscience and internalising societys rules especially as was taught by ones parents (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). The ego is the system that mediates be tween the id and the superego. The ego tries to find the balance between the other two, applying the reality principle which means finding ways to attain the maximum gratification for the id that society at large will accept. As these conflicts occur unconsciously, consumers are not normally aware of the underlying reasons for the behaviour they bring about (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). In a landmark study into behaviour, Watson Rayner (1920) proved behaviour could be learned due to external events by teaching a small child to fear otherwise harmless objects through the repeated association with loud noises. The behaviourist approach, contends that conditioning of consumers behaviour occurs as a result of external stimuli (Marsden Littler, 1996) which triggers responses while, at the same time feedback received from the environment as a result of past behaviours, whether perceived as positive or negative, will act as reinforcement and will serve to strengthen or we aken future responses accordingly so that consumers will be driven to repeat behaviour which is perceived to have been rewarded, whereas behaviour that elicits negative feedback will likely be avoided (Bennett, 1996). For example, a satisfactory experience when consuming a product or service will make it more likely that the consumer will purchase the product again, whereas a negative experience will probably cause the consumer to avoid that product. Around the time of the turn of this century, Nataraajan Bagozzi (1999: 637) identified in adequacies in the approaches to the study of consumer behaviour stating: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a pressing need in the field to balance the rational, cognitive side of marketing thought and practice with new ideas and research on the emotional facets of marketing behaviour. The humanistic approach emphasizes the self, and places the individual consumer at the centre of the analysis (Keizer, 2010). The cognitive, economic, psychodynamic and behavio urist approaches outlined above all make assumptions based largely on generic rules, without taking into account that consumers are all unique individuals who may respond differently to the same stimuli, and without taking into account that experiences are personal, subjective and unique to each individual by definition, as are the emotions associated with those experiences (Ahola, 2005). Also, they assume that behaviour is always self-interested and do not account for selfless or altruistic behaviour (Nataraajan Bagozzi, 1999). Consumers will often seek to express some sort of self-definition through their belongings leading to an unsurprising consistency between a consumers values and the things they buy (Solomon, et al., 2006). These aspects of individualism and personality are manifested in the concept of the true self (Keizer, 2010) or, as referred to by Sirgy (1982) the self-concept. Demand for certain goods and services is known to be driven by the perceived emotional value to consumers (Vigneron Johnson, 1999), for instance, there are certain product classes, particularly in the entertainment industry for which consumption is largely driven by consumers seeking emotional arousal, not economic benefit or functional utility (Ahola, 2005). In terms of comparison and differentiation, consumer behaviour is portrayed as highly rational in the economic man approach (in responding to economic stimuli) as well as in the cognitive approach (in following the sequence of decision making steps). The cognitive approach is, however, vulnerable to certain biases due to the way that people normally process information. Of these errors, two are of note and these are: fundamental attribution error, which results from incorrect identification of the impact or origin of certain situational factors which will have an impact on behaviour and self-serving bias, which is the tendency of individuals to play up their role in successes while ascribing failures to external si tuational factors (Keizer, 2010). In summary, the psychodynamic and the behaviourist approaches both acknowledge that there are internal cognitive processes taking place in the mind and both regard human behaviour to be the outcome of various interactions between internal factors like drive and response and external factors like stimulus and reinforcement (Skinner, 1953) however, in the behaviourist approach, behaviour is originated externally from the environment whereas the psychodynamic approach ascribes the origin of behaviour to internal biologically drives. The humanistic approach made an appearance in psychology as an alternative to behaviourism and psychoanalysis approach (Dafermos, 2006) and is the only one that accounts for individual perception and interpretation also, acknowledging that these are not completely determined by the environment, by economics or by internal psychology (Keizer, 2010). Proponents of the humanistic approach attribute consumers behaviour to free will and considers them to be responsible for their actions, while criticising the research techniques adopted by in approaches for examining consumers solely as objects and not as subjects (Dafermos, 2006). In conclusion, consumer behaviour has been established to be a highly important aspect of management, in particularly, marketing management. The five approaches to the study of consumers covered compared and contrasted in this paper, are the economic man approach, the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic and behaviourist approaches and finally, the humanistic approach. These studies have come from different perspectives but, given the value to businesses of understanding how consumers behave, as well as the ability to more accurately predict future consumer behaviour, it is not surprising that there have been a number of research studies on the nature and origins of consumer behaviour. References Ahola, E. K. (2005). How is the concept of experience defined in consumer culture theory? Discussing different frames of analysis. Kulutustutkimus. Nyt.[Publication of the Finnish Association of Consumer Research]. Vol. 1. [Online] Available from: https://www.kulutustutkimus.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/1-10-ahola.pdf Backhaus, K. Hillig, T. and Wilken, R. (2007) Predicting purchase decision with different conjoint analysis methods. International Journal of Market Research. Vol. 49, No. 3. pp. 341-364 Baker, M., Hart, S. (2003) The Marketing Book. 5th Ed. Oxford, England/Burlington, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann Bennett, R. (1996) Relationship formation and governance in consumer markets: transactional analysis versus the behaviourist approach. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 12, No. 5. pp 417-436. Bennett, R., Bove, L. (2002) Identifying the key issues for measuring loyalty. Australasian Journal of Market Research, Vol. 9, No. 2. pp 27-44. Camerer, C. F., Fehr, E. (2006) When does economic man dominate social behavior? Science. Vol. 311, No. 5757. pp 47-52. Dafermos, M.- (2006). Psychology and Ethics: the double face of Janus. Eleftherna. Vol. 3, pp 97-110. [Online] Available from: https://ilhs.info/en/34%20PsychEthicsMDafFV.pdf Erasmus, A. C., Boshoff, E., Rousseau, G. G. (2001). Consumer decision-making models within the discipline of consumer science: a critical approach. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences. Vol. 29. pp 82-90 Hoyer, W.D. Macinnis, D.J. (2008) Consumer Behaviour. 5th ed. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning Jobber, D. Fahy, J. (2006) Foundations of Marketing. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education Keizer, P. K. (2010) Psychology for economists. Tjalling C. Koopmans Institute Discussion Paper Series. Vol 10, No. 17. pp 1-43. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2014) Principles of Marketing. Global Ed. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd Kotler, P Keller, K. L. (2012) Marke ting Management. 14th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Hall Marsden, D., Littler, D. (1996) Evaluating alternative research paradigms: A marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?oriented framework. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 12, No. 7.pp 645-655. Nataraajan, R., Bagozzi, R. P. (1999) The year 2000: Looking back. Psychology marketing, Vol. 16, No. 8. pp 631-642. Sirgy, M. J. (1982) Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of consumer research, vol. 9, No. 3. pp 287-300. Skinner, B.F. (1953) Science and Human Behaviour. New York: The Free Press Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. Hogg, M. K. (2006) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 3rd Ed. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J. (2013). Consumer behaviour. 3rd Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Pearson Australia Vigneron, F., Johnson, L. W. (1999) A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Academy of M arketing Science Review. Vol 1, No. 1. pp 1-15. Watson, J. B., Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of experimental Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 1. pp 1 -14

The Signifigance of Fishing in the Sun Also Rises - 786 Words

Escaping the Wasteland The fishing trip within Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises provides a pilgrimage of rejuvenation to the novels participating characters, Jake Barnes and Bill Gorton. Escaping the wasteland that is Paris, the two men shove off, (Hemingway, VIII), to Burguete, Spain, where they fish for trout on the Irati River. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Jake was left impotent from an injury incurred while serving with the Italian Front in World War 1. His inability to consummate his love for the insatiable Brett Ashley, and the sterile social backdrop of Paris provide a striking similarity to the Arthurian Fisher King motif of a man generatively impaired, and his kingdom thusly sterile. Bill Gorton, an†¦show more content†¦Left disenchanted by dashed Victorian notions of glory and valor in combat, the survivors of the war were casting aside the preconceived ideals of their elders in search of a more liberal and open way of life. Doing away with the cold formality of the city, Jake and Bill are able to openly express their thoughts and feelings with each other without fear of conformity or social repercussion. They are free to explore new modes of thinking and reflection that allow for closure with their war torn pasts. Within the lull of the Spanish countryside, Jake is able to wrest with his inner demons, and come to peace with them. Through fishing, he is able to regain pleasure in the natural simplicity of life. The anguish and dejection of his life in Paris is forgotten in the excellence of sportsmanship. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Scribner : New York.

Russias History Essay Example For Students

Russias History Essay Russias HistoryJoseph Stalin (1927-1953) led the Soviet State through the challenges of World War II. Although the war was a terrible drain on the already impoverished and exhausted society, it resulted, paradoxically in strengthening the Soviet dictatorship. The war distracted the Soviet people from Stalins excesses in previous years and generated patriotism and national unity. It also greatly strengthened the Soviet military. The Soviet Union emerged from the war as second in power only to the United States. (Dr. Minton F, Goldman) So what were the factors that contributed to the collapse of the super power and what is preventing Russia from re-entering the international community as a stabilized independent country. In the beginning, Communism seemed to be the utopian ideal for the people of Russia because it promised elimination of classes, guaranteed employment, and gave hope that The creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all. In 1917, when Lenin came to power the socialist dictatorship underwent radical changes in its economic doctrines adopting the New Economic Policy giving control of the majority of means of production to the government. Lenins government made many achievements and in fact throughout the majority of Communist rule, censorship and subordination of interest groups was imposed to stop dissension and increase conformity to the new governments policies. After Lenins death in 1924, his predecessor Joseph Stalin continued his reforms and at length became completely totalitarian making himself the most powerful man in Russia. Stalin began the Great Purge (campaign of removing all opposition to the Communist rule) in which millions of people were arrested and either harassed or killed. The economic system was changed so that the government controlled the entire system. All the private ownership ended, industrialization was commenced, and the strength of the military was substantially increased. During this period, agricultural production output diminished resulting in food shortages. These shortages were only enhanced by the mass exportation of food. Stalin also put the production of manufacturing machinery over basic consumer goods and other staples. To top things off, the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. Although Russia came out of the war a super power, the death of Stalin in 1953 marked the end of supreme power for the head of the Communist party. For the next several years, Russia went through different leaders trying to find one to save the suffering society. Khrushchev achieved minor reforms, but was dismissed due to shortages in grain and dairy products and his blame for the Cuban Missile Crisis. Leonid Brezhnev reversed most of the progress made by Krushchev and restored many of Stalins political disciplinary policies. During this time, there was an inefficient use land, labor and resources, which resulted in an economic slackening. Bureaucrats were paid for loyalty with material wealth and public interests were placed secondary to personal gain. In the 1980s, the already impoverished standard of living for Soviet citizens dropped dramatically. This caused strikes and public outcry against the administration, which threatened the stability of the Soviet Union. The people were angry because in exchange for their obedience, the Communist Party had promised them employment, free health care, and a level of comfort. None of t hese promises was fulfilled. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, he began a program called Perestroika which was the organizational restructuring of the Soviet economy and government apparatus. He also began a policy called Glasnost to support the restructuring. Glasnost which emphasized openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings. The purpose of these reforms was to elevate the Soviet standard of living in order to reaffirm the citizenrys loyalties to the Communist Party and to enable the restoration of the Soviet economy and ideal. State control was lessened and individual initiative encouraged. He took many different steps to ease international affairs as well. However, during this period of change, strong nationalistic opinion started in the republics of the Soviet Union causing major upheaval. In 1991, as the Soviet economy deteriorated, Gorbachev faced competing pressures from hard-line Communists, from free-market reformers, and from nationalists and secessionists seeking independence for their republics. Gorbachev suspended party activities, placed reformers in charge of the military and KGB, and allowed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to become independent republics. The USSR voted itself out of existence in 1991, and Gorbachev resigned as its president. .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .postImageUrl , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:visited , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:active { border:0!important; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:active , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Perspectives on Childhood in The Glass Castle and The Kite Runner EssayUnder the Communist regime, there were immense social problems. In the period before Gorbachev, all religion was made extremely difficult to practice by the government. There was a substantial amount of alcoholism and crime mostly due to harsh working and living conditions. There was extreme discrimination against women due to a strong sexist attitude. This made it extremely difficult for women to find decent employment, especially since they were also expected to keep household duties, and women were very scarce in government. Relations among the different ethnic groups, which lived within the Soviet Union, were very tense and sometimes openly hostile. The education system also caused tension because it was set up to motivate students to be obedient and Atheist, among other things. Students were also assigned jobs upon graduation, and if they did not accept the designated position, it could damage their advancement opportunities in the future. Graduates were sometimes prone to suicide because of this. The health care system was under funded. Most hospitals were under staffed and the equipment was outdated, medical supplies were also scarce. Poor standards of sanitation and public hygiene lead to an increase annual death rate, a drop in the birth rate, and a decrease of the life expectancy of a citizen. All of these factors in a way, lead to the disintegration of the communist Regime, taking into account all of the social problems and the years of mismanagement of the countries resources, we can see why the economy slowed and citizen support for the government diminished. Boris Yeltsin was named President of Russia in 1990 and immediately declared Russias independence. He also moved to end state control of the economy, privatized most industries and among other things outlawed the Communist Party. Under Yeltsin and its other leaders, the Russian economy has been put through many reforms, which have only proved to throw it into disarray. This is mainly due to the Soviet governments lack of experience in Democratic/Capitalist governing and has to huge dent in the economy left behind by years of Communist rule. Currently, the Russian economy is in disarray, and the standard of living for the average citizen is as low if not lower than during the Communist rule. This had bred many social problems, which, in effect, mirror those of the Communist administration. Religious and ethnic animosity and the lack of proper education in this new political and economic system has lead to public discontent and a rise in the alcoholism problem. The elimination of the middle class resulting in extreme wealth for a select few, and bitter poverty for the masses along with the collapse of private banks eliminating the savings of millions of people. There is an apparent lack of participation by citizens in the government and in return a lack of communication by the government with the people. With the instability of Russias government widespread corruption that leaves power and decision making to organized criminal groups such as the Mafia, the world can see that Russia has a long hard road to Democracy. BibliographyFunk Wagnalls. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich; Russia; United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwelath of Independent States. Microsoft Encarta Ed. Microsoft Corporation. 1997 Ed. Funk Wagnalls. Russia, United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwealth of Independent States. The World Almanac and Book of Facts ed. Funk Wagnalls Corporation. 1996 Ed. Columbia University Press. Communism The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations Ed. Columbia University Press. 1996 Ed. Columbia University Press. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich; Russia; United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltson, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwealth of Independent States. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia Ed. Columbia University Press. 1996 Ed. Internet Web Page. Everything about Russia (History Section). Http://WWW.RUSSIA.NETInternet Web Page. CNN Interactive (Russian Archive). http://WWW.CNN.COM Minton F. Goldman, Russian and the Eurasian Republics Building New Political Orders. PP 14-25 and 34-45. .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .postImageUrl , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:visited , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:active { border:0!important; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:active , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clash Of Civilizations EssayEuropean History