Long Term Incarceration Of Youth - 1909 Words

more likely to successfully transform their behaviors due to rehabilitation. Second, due to the distinction that juvenile crime is often a result of â€Å"unfortunate yet transient immaturity,† a youth offender is deemed to be more likely to reject future involvement in criminal behavior as the youth transitions into adulthood. The realistic possibility that many, if not most youths will grow out of their involvement in illegal activity, points to the reality that long criminal sentences cannot be justified by the need to ensure public safety. In essence, long term incarceration of youth does not often achieve the preventative purposes of criminal justice. In Graham and Miller, SCOTUS emphatically determined that life without the opportunity for parole does not offer youth offenders a semblance of opportunity for reform. In most juveniles, the Court emphasizes, reform will be achieved through rehabilitative efforts coupled with maturity. iii.) Limited Trial Proficiency In both Graham and Miller, SCOTUS stressed the possibility that harsh sentences for youth could be a result of the adolescent’s inability to deal efficiently and effectively upon their detainment. This includes their reduced competence for dealing with the execution of plea agreements, handling the police or demonstrating competent participation in their trials. The concept and discussion of â€Å"developmental incompetence† has become more noticeably relevant to juvenile justice in the past few decades. TheShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIncarceration of Youth The United States leads the world in the incarceration of young people, there are over 100,000 youth placed in jail each year. Locking up youth has shown very little positive impact on reducing crime. Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underliningRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreJuvenile Corrections Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol youth offenders and offenses. Each different goal comes with its own challenges. The goal of deterrence has its limits; because rules and former sanctions, as well anti-criminal modeling and reinforcement are met with young rebellious minds. Traditional counseling and diversion which are integral aspects of community corrections can sometimes be ineffective, and studies have shown that sometimes a natural self intervention can take place as the y outh grows older; resulting in the youth outgrowingRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pageswhile punishment may be unpleasant we need to focus on mental health assessment and services for youth (modelsforchange, n.d.). Most youth who are only punished reoffend because the reason for the initial offence was never addressed. Youth Outreach Services (YOS) focuses on mental health assessment and services for youths because upon identifying mental, emotional or ongoing problems caused by trauma the youth can receive follow-up testing or immediate assistance. The identifying of these problems canRead MorePositive Effects Of Juvenile Offenders1434 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of these youth are held in state-funded, postadjudication, residential facilities, at an average cost of $240.99 per day per youth. Imprisoning youth can have severe detrimental effects on youth, their long-term economic productivity and economic health of communities. Youth who are imprisoned have higher recidivism rates than youth who remain in communities, both due to suspended opportunities for education and a disruption in the process that normally allows many youth to Age-out ofRead MoreJuvenile Crime Has Become More Valuable Members Of Society?938 Words   |  4 Pagespublic has expressed a common desire to reduce the incidence of juvenile crime and find effective legislation to discipline these youths, but there are questions about these methods. What is more effective, incarceration or rehabilitation? Does criminal punishment intimidate more youths away from a life of crime, and would productive rehabilitation efforts influence these youths to becoming more valuable members of society? The National Institute Justice states that juvenile crime rates have fallen overRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth offenders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternatives to incarceration, and how to help them amend their actions and behavior. The history of Juvenile Justice went from incarceration with adults to reform back to incarceration in separate facilities and similar rights as adult offenders. The need for Juvenile Justice came from the needRead MoreLauren Touchet. Cjus301. 17 February 2017. Research Paper/Lit1325 Words   |  6 Pages17 February 2017 Research Paper/Lit Review Part I Since mandatory sentencing began in the mid-1980s, the United States prison system has seen a dramatic upswing in incarceration rates (Glaze Maruschak, 2008, p. 1). â€Å"The United States’ increasingly punitive sentencing philosophy has resulted in an overreliance on incarceration, resulting in an incarcerated population that has soared from approximately 340,000 in the early 1970s to nearly 2.3 million today† (Raeder, 2012). â€Å"Parents held in theRead MoreThe Failure of the War on Drugs Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Drugs in the United States has a profound influence on both the incarceration rates and activities of the criminal justice system. Many politicians and advocates of the policy claim that the War on Drugs is a necessary element to deter criminal behavior and reduce the crime rate. However, studies show that drug deterrent policies on possession and use have been inadequate and unsuccessful (Cole Gertz, 2013). Studies also show that the Wa r on Drugs has not attained its objectives because

Organizational Behaviour Individual Assignment - 5793 Words

STUDENT NAME : TSANWANI R STUDENT NUMBER : 20150274 ASSIGNMENT TITLE : ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR DATE : 05 APRIL 2009 PROGRAMME : ABP/BTECH Contents Page Executive summary 3 Using shaping as a management tool 4-7 Heredity 8-11 Factors that may contribute to differences in patterns of job satisfaction 12-15 Factors that differentiate good decision makers from poor ones 16-19 Bibliography 20-21 Executive summary According to Robbins, Judge, Odendaal and Roodt (2009:7), Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations. It says in†¦show more content†¦The sole criterion which can determine if an item, activity or food is reinforcing is the change in the probability of a behavior after the administration of a potential reinforcer. Other theories may focus on additional factors such as whether the person expected the strategy to work at some point, but a behavioral theory of reinforcement would focus specifically upon the probability of the behavior. Application of shaping Shaping behavior can be applied in many ways. According to (Robbins et al. 2009: 58) there are four ways to shape behavior: through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive reinforcement According to (Behavioral Intervention: 2008), positive reinforcement is a procedure whereby an individual, contingent upon performing a specific behavior, is immediately rewarded to maintain or increase that behavior. Some may ask themselves whether this is not bribery to the individual. No! Most of the time when we hear the word bribery, we think of people being bought off to do something illegal, corrupt, or unethical. Instead, positive reinforcement increases the chances that an individual will do something appropriate that will benefit him in the future. The suggestion here is that you use procedures that encourage, support, and empower individuals to achieve positive outcomes in organizations or in the community. NegativeShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Individual Assignment5782 Words   |  24 PagesSTUDENT NAME : TSANWANI R STUDENT NUMBER : 20150274 ASSIGNMENT TITLE : ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR DATE : 05 APRIL 2009 PROGRAMME : ABP/BTECH Contents Page Executive summary 3 Using shaping as a management tool 4-7 Heredity 8-11 Factors that may contribute to differences in patterns of job satisfaction 12-15 Factors that differentiate good decision makers from poor ones 16-19 Bibliography 20-21 Executive summary Read MoreOrganizational Structures And Organizational Cultures For Different Organizations Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary The first task of the report of assignment ‘Organization and Behaviour’ deals with the comparison of various different kinds of organizational structures and organizational cultures for different organizations. In addition, the task takes into account the impact of the culture and the structure of organization on the functions and operation of business. However, the various factors which influence the individual performance and behaviour at work is also given emphasis in this part ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour By The Five Dimensions, Antecedents And Their Consequences1648 Words   |  7 PagesSOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY Student Name : Aneesh Rama Student ID No. : 22496283 Unit Name : Organisational Behaviour Unit Code : MNG82001 Assignment No. : 1 Assignment Title : Literature Review Due date : 23rd November 2015 Date submitted : 19th November 2015 Word count : 1472 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules relating to Awards (Rule 3.18) as contained in the University Handbook. I understand the penalties that apply forRead MoreEffectiveness and Efficiency in Benchmarking1266 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT: ONE 1. Discuss the importance of understanding the impact of human behaviour in the development and day to day running of organizations Human behaviour Define human behaviour Give According to McInerney (2008), Human behaviour refers to the range of behaviours exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics. Human behaviour is experienced throughout an individual’sRead MoreEffects of Informal Group in Organizational Performance1403 Words   |  6 PagesINFORMAL GROUPS IN AN ORGANIZATION We know that groups are vital to the understanding of organizational behavior because they are the building blocks of the larger organization. In today’s organization, where productivity and efficiency demand collaboration within and across functional, physical and hierarchical boundaries, collaboration in employee networks has become critical to innovation, and to both individual and company performance. The heavy emphasis on teams and group decision making in today’sRead MoreUnderstand the Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture.1779 Words   |  8 Pagesunit is to give learners an understanding of individual and group behaviour in organisations and to examine current theories and their application in managing behaviour in the workplace. 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This is achieved by reducing factors that interfere with the efficiency of peoples work. This assignment will aim to focus on factors that are ongoing and socially aroused by the interaction between people and their environment, namely: dealing and coping with work stress; lowering the rate of bullying and harassment in the workplace;Read MoreOrganizational Behavior Case Study1819 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION Organizational behaviour identifies the challenges of managing individuals or groups and the need to understand different individual behaviours in consideration to their values, motivation and creativity. This report deals with a case that evaluates the organizational behaviours at Abebooks, a leading online marketing company faced with pressure from different employee issues. it illustrates generational and cultural differences and its impact on individual values. It involves

External Employee Engagement Collaboration â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Integrating Sustainability In Managing IT Projects? Answer: Introduction: This essay report focuses on integrating sustainability development in managing IT projects. Sustainability is an important theme for any industry to survive grow at the global level. Every industry including Information Technology work towards implementing sustainabilitystrategies which helps in social, cultural economic growth of an organization. Industries corporate are putting more effort to integrate sustainability to their business practices from the last decade irrespective of their geographic locations (Petrini, 2010). World has seen phenomenal growth of IT Industry globally over the past few years and IT industry has welcomed sustainability practices with open arms. Sustainable development is not a new concept. Though it has received significant recognition from many industries but still it remains just a theoretical idea for many business executives in todays world. Industries need to integrate sustainable development in strategy planning of their enterprises in order to achieve its real capability. Sustainable development means implementing such business activities and strategies which will help industry its stakeholders to grow economically in parallel of protecting enhancing natural human resources for future. This definition of sustainable development is based on the concept proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 (IISD, 1992). Different business communities groups have different meanings to the term sustainability but to summarize all it is a development that fulfills the needs of the current generation without compromising the potential of future generations to fulfill their own needs. This idea its s trategies are changing over the time responding to the evolving practices of our society industries. Every industry or enterprise can make its efforts to accomplish the concept of sustainability development but the strategies, practices methods varies by the sector size of the industry (Walsh, 2007). Unfortunately, few organizations are more keen toward their economical growth only completely ignore any of their social responsibility whereas many industries give importance to their sustainable development maintain a perfect balance between self interest and their social responsibilities (Mobbs, 2012). Considering broader perspective, it is important in interest of every organization to work in a healthy environment. It provides more opportunities to expand sustain in global market in long term. In many developed developing countries, information systems are an important part of most peoples lives. Information Technology has created tremendous opportunities in education, science, space, finance and many more areas. Today, most of our business sectors and society has large dependency on information technology. It is impractical to imagine a long term growth survival of any business without Information system. There has been a revolution in IT industry over last two decades but development of IT, communications its equipment has some price. Apart from the financial cost to setup maintain this industry, it is affecting our ecosystem in many other ways. Impact of IT on environment is not just measured by the electricity consumed by IT system hardware but there are other factors like air transport system, carbon emission, noise etc. As per the recent report published by a climate group in London, machines, printers, computer, smart phones etc. are responsible 830m tonne of ca rbon dioxide emission in 2007 globally which is 2% of the total emission by human activities (Schfer, 2013). About one fourth of this emission generates from manufacturing of the computer systems the remaining come from its use. The report also estimates that emission of carbon dioxide from these computers widgets is increasing by 6% every year (Economist, 2009). Nowadays major IT giants are working towards attaining a goal of sustainable development in their organizations. Critical success factors for implementing sustainable development in IT are as follows Execution mechanism or Implementation On a journey of sustainability, commitment from leadership or top management plays a significant role. It gets easy to implement policies when the top bosses believe in it. It actually allows employees to trust each other and to take essential risks (Eccles, 2012). It is important to involve external stakeholders such as suppliers, NGOs, clients, investors make them believe in sustainability strategies. Employee engagement is indispensable practice to make any organizational change policy execution. Employees are valuable assets of any organization play a vital role in implementing sustainable development strategy. Employees stakeholders of an information technology organization must understand the importance of these strategies work collaboratively towards the goal (Atuluku, 2016). There is a dedicated goal in UNs Sustainable Development Goals i.e. Partnerships and Collaboration. It is important to maximize limited resources increase knowledge base which can be achieved by co llaboration. Last but not the least the most important factor is implementing or executing the strategies. This should be achieved in phases (Mindrup, 2016). For e.g. having more energy efficient data centers, using virtual machines or cloud instead of multiple hardware kits, safe disposal of IT assets etc. In old traditional concept, Time, Cost Quality are the fundamental criteria in measuring the success of any IT project. Sustainability is making its strong presence in measuring success of any IT project or a company. Meeting safety standards, sustainable outcome quality are one of the major criteria of a successful project (Basu, 2017). There are many reasons/causes of an IT project or an IT company like ineffective collaboration or coordination of employees with stakeholders, social interaction, ineffective decision making etc. Some researchers argue that sustainability can lead to tension between different stakeholders it is a major challenge to achieve it in large IT projects but by proper planning execution it can be accomplished. The main concerns of sustainability in IT industry are electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emission, hardware disposal, global warming, noise pollution, compliance with current legislation etc. A successful IT company with sustainable developm ent manages gives priority to all the above mentioned concerns. They should have proper policy of disposing end of life hardware or recycling it. They should prefer renewable power from lower carbon emitting resource as an electricity source for their machines. Another way of improving efficiency is to implement virtualization, in which multiple operating system applications can run on same hardware or a physical computer. Green IT is a new jargon promoted by big computer manufacturers. According to a research, 5Ps (Process, Presiding, Pragmatic, People and Performance) should be considered by an IT project manager as proactive measures to achieve sustainable development in IT projects (Taherdoost, 2015). Project managers in IT companies shall play a role of social actors. They need to understand fundamentals of sustainability with proper assessment. They should do a proper research on corporate social responsibility, identify relevant key areas implement it. Proper data analysis, policies technical knowhow leads to a smooth sustainability (Agarwal, 2015). Project Management approach should be to identify areas provision ideas on a project level, unit level or at the organization level as applicable. For example, a manager handling a small project can assess decide if the physical machines can be replaced with virtual machines. Conclusion: The integration of sustainable development is indispensable part of practices followed by IT industry. In todays world mostly all IT giants are working collaboratively efficiently in implementing sustainability practices. As rightly said by United Nations World Commission on Environment that sustainable development meets the need of presence without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs requirement. These practices not only help the organization to grow socially but also enhance their cultural economic growth. References Agarwal, S., 2015. Sustainability in Project Management:, Available at: https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:899231/FULLTEXT01.pdf Atuluku, A., 2016. Critical Success Factors for Business Sustainability, Available at: https://sustyvibes.com/critical-success-factors-business-sustainability/ Basu, R., 2017. Project Success Criteria and Success Factors, Available at: https://www.gpmfirst.com/books/managing-quality-projects Eccles, R., 2012. Critical Success Factors of a Sustainable Company, Available at: https://www.finchandbeak.com/849/critical-success-factors-sustainable.htm Economist, 2009. Computing climate change, Available at: https://www.economist.com/node/14297036 IISD, 1992. Business strategies for sustainable development, pp. 1-4, Available at: https://www.iisd.org/business/pdf/business_strategy.pdf Mindrup, J., 2016. Three Critical Success Factors for the Sustainability Journey, Available at: https://www.questforum.org/sustainability-success-factors/ Mobbs, P., 2012. A practical guide to sustainable IT. pp. 3-6, Available at: https://www.apc.org/sites/default/files/Section1.pdf Petrini, M., 2010. Integrating sustainability into business practices: learning from Brazilian firms, Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1807-76922010000400004 Schfer, T., 2013. Green IT: sustainable communications and information technology, Available at: https://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/global-goals/sdg-09-infrastructure/green-it-sustainable-information-technology/ Taherdoost, H., 2015. How to Lead to Sustainable and Successful IT. Propose 5Ps Guideline. Volume 4, pp. 15-25, Available at: https://elvedit.com/journals/IJACSIT/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/How-to-Lead-to-Sustainable-and-Successful-IT-Project-Management-Propose-5Ps-Guideline.pdf Walsh, K., 2007. Environmentally Sustainable IT topics covering definition, objectives, systems and solutions, Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/2437751/energy-efficiency/environmentally-sustainable-it-definition-and-solutions.html

Creation II Essay Example For Students

Creation II Essay Mrs. Brew 13 May 1996 Intelligent Design of the Universe The search for knowledge about the origin of humanity is as old as its inhabitants. Since the early 1800s mankind has narrowed the debate to creation by a Supreme Being and the theory of evolution. Ever since then, science has been at odds against religion. Now it appears that science is returning to religion. Scientists are finding proof that the universe was created by a Supreme Being. The word evolution refers to the change of something over a period of time(Websters 634). In biology, the theory of evolution is the complex of processes by which living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function(Valentine). This theory proposes that between 4 million and 10 million years ago, all organisms on earth had a common ancestor and that through a process of evolution, all living organisms descended from this common ancestor(Coyne). Chevalier de Lamarck, a French naturalist proposed a theory of evolution in 1809. His idea did not get much scientific consideration until Charles R. Darwin announced his theory of evolution(Coyne). Darwin published his most famous book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection(Valentine) in 1859. Darwin stated that offspring resemble their parents, yet they are not exactly identical to them. He also noted that some of these differences were not effects of their environment, but actually were passed down from parents to children(Valentine). Darwin is the most well known scientist to write on evolution. There are many different variations on the theory of evolution. Darwin states that natural selection is the main reason for the evolution of life. The fight for food, water and other necessities benefits those creatures who are well adapted for the struggle. Those that cannot survive, die with no offspring to continue their genetic line. Natural selection is also called survival of the fittest. Another related idea to evolution is gradualism. Gradualism is the idea that evolutionary changes do not occur suddenly but over large amounts of time, ranging from decades to millions of years(Coyne). Genetic drift is another way that scientists define evolution. When two of a species mate, their offspring gets 23 chromosomes from both parents. When a gene does not split and combine correctly, a mutation occurs. This mutation will get passed down from the creature to its offspring. In this way a species can permanently be changed(Coyne). Scientists who have accepted the general theory of evolution as fact disagree among themselves about the ratio of importance between natural selection and genetic drift. They also disagree about what caused the apparent gaps in fossil layers. New species abruptly(Valentine) appear in the fossil record with no apparent mutation from another species, then remain unchanged for long periods of time. They do not seem to exhibit the gradual changes that would be expected by modern evolutionists(Valentine).Many people, including those in the scientific community, do not accept the theory of evolution as fact. When Darwin was alive, his theory was attacked by many scientists and religious leaders(Coyne). In the 1900s, United States public high schools began teaching evolution in science classes. By the 1920s, laws in twenty states to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools had been proposed by people who did not want their children being indoctrinated. They considered the teaching of the theory to be part of a dangerous trend toward the separation of religious beliefs from everyday life(Coyne). Several of the proposed laws were passed into effect in states including Arkansas and Tennessee. The ACLU challenged the Tennessee law in 1925 by defending a teacher named John T. Scopes, who had volunteered to stand trial on the charge of teaching evolution(Coyne). The ACLU lost the case but because of bad press, creationists appeared ignorant to science. However, in 1968 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that laws banning the teaching of evolution were unconstitutional because they made religious considerations part of the curriculum(Coyne). The courts continue to give rulings on creation and evolution in schools, some have come as recently as 1987(Coyne). The fight to keep evolution out of the classroom is still persevering. Those who are pushing to keep evolution out of the public schools are primarily creationists. Creation is the belief that a Supreme Being created the universe and all its contents from nothing(Vawter). Bioethics Essay The differences between other animals in nature and humans are vast. However, many evolutionists claim that we are animals ourselves. Jonathan Swift shows the absurdity of this comparison in the fourth book of Gullivers Travels. Guliver is living between two extremes: the reason based Houyhnhms and the savage Yahoos. Gulliver tries so hard to fit in with the Houyhnhms, or horses. They conclude that Gulliver must be a perfect Yahoo'(Suits 116), yet Gulliver believes that he is more Houyhnhm. This struggle can represent the origin struggle.The evolutionists say that humans were once like the Yahoos, but by saying that humanity evolved because of an haphazard accident, they are claiming that humans are now the superior being in the universe. They claim we are like the Houyhnhms(Sagan). Humans are not like that. The Houyhnhms are divorced of passion. They have no shame, no temptations, no conception of sin(Williams 62). Marriage is one of the necessary actions in a reasonable being'(63). These definitely do not identify humanity. Gulliver understands none of this(72). Humans have the ability to use reason and humans have certain inherent desires that cannot be reasonably explained: love, marriage, and a sense of right and wrong. Still the debate continues. It seems the double standard at work here is breathtaking(Glynn 32). Scientists who believe in evolution are free to use detailed accounts of what happened 4 billion years ago and base it on Darwin(Sagan). But the moment scientists begin marshalling rather considerable and persuasive evidence for the opposite case, their speculation risks being branded by colleagues as unscientific'(Glynn 32). This parallels the third book of Gullivers Travels. The ways of the respected Laputan people were very precise, according to Gulliver. All their wise men reject what seems obviously the best way preform a task(Williams 49). Member of the Academy are seen trying to weave with spider web and make ice into gunpowder(Swift 196). Such acts of stupidity are Swifts attack on the Royal Society of England in Swifts time; however the apply perfectly to many of the scientists who reject what they do not want to see. The argument about the origin of the universe will definitely continue. There will be those who argue both sides until this world comes to its end. To what extent people believe the Biblical teachings or what some scientists teach is a personal decision. Darwin concluded his book: There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved(Miller 32). The more science seems to dig and research about the origins of humanity, the less likely it is that Earth and all the creatures on it were an accident. All the precision, consistency and detail point to an universal architect, a Supreme Being, God.Bibliography (please disreguard my mess for now) Coyne, Jerry A. Evolution. World Book. CD-ROM Eve, Raymond A. Creationism World Book. CD-ROM Glynn, Patrick. Beyond The Death of God. National Review May 6,1996:28-32. Limbaugh, Rush. The Way Things Ought to Be. New York:Pocket Books, 1992. Miller, Kenneth R. Lifes Grand Design. Technology Review. Feb./March 1994:24-32 CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Life Science. Article 59 Sagan, Carl. Snowflakes Fallen on the Hearth: The Evolution of the Earth. Planetary Report. Jan./Feb. 1993:4-9 CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Earth Science. Article 53 Schneider, E.D, Kay, J.J. Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1994: 25-48. Suits, Conrad. The Role of the Horsesin A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea. 116-125 Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. New York:Penguin,1960. Valentine, James W. Evolution. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp:1994 Vawter, Rev. Bruce. Creation. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp:1994 Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary. Second Edition. 1983 Williams, Kathleen. Animal Rationis Capax. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea. 37-82