The Most Dangerous Game :: Essays Papers

The Most Dangerous Game The short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell is about the tracker and the pursued yet later in the story it becomes unexpected in light of the fact that it transforms into a game were the tracker turns into the pursued. It transforms into a pursuit of rivalry and of endurance. Two mariners Rainsford and his accomplice Whitney cruised in to the obscurity of the of ocean. Their motivation was to chase, they considered it the most noteworthy game. They were trackers and made a beeline for the Amazon to chase horrible creatures, for example, Jaguars, and tigers. They cruised to an island called Boat Trap Island. Mariners dreaded this island and had inquisitive fear of such a scarry place. The sky was loaded up with haziness when suddently he heard Three weapon shots that were discharged, and heard them over and over. At that point he heard a shout while smoking a funnel when suddently the channel fell and as he attempted to go after it he whent down into the ocean were the waves gulped his shouts. No one could have heard him as the sea gulped his shouts and the main possibility of endurance was to swim. Rainsford swam towards the shouts and wound up in the Island. He strolled on the shoreline and later found a spot that resembled a manor. There he met General Zaroff who purchased the island to chase. He was for sure a sporstman who designed another impression of the chasing game. His game was to prepare those men what ships' identity was' destroyed and wound up in that island, and afterward give them food and a blade for three days. When they were prepared they were driven out into the island as a head start while Zaroff pursue them and attempted to chase them down. On the off chance that They made due during those three days they had dominated the match and they were without let yet in the other case in the event that they were discovered they were killed. Zaroff never lost the game so on the off chance that one of the men being pursued was going to endure he would discharge the dogs to pursued them. Rainsford rested and the following morning had a question with Zaroff and revealed to him that this chasing style was to ruthless. In this contention Zaroff got frantic and now in the story Raisford turned into the pursued. He was given free access to the island were he was to set himself up for the <a href=http://www.

Poland Business Cycle Free Essays

This Country Focus investigations and deciphers the factual attributes of the Polish business cycle. It likewise recognizes driving and slacking factors and shows that the financial variances in Poland vary somewhat from those in other rising and develop economies, with Polish development outstandingly increasingly unstable and government use exceptionally flighty. The accessible information on GDP development recommend that the Polish economy is moving toward the pinnacle of the subsequent business cycle since the beginning of financial change from a halfway intended to a market economy. We will compose a custom article test on Poland Business Cycle or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The current rise is somewhat like the one of 1995-1997 which finished in huge macroeconomic uneven characters (expanding joblessness, save limit, broadening monetary and current record shortfalls). In any case, Poland currently has all the earmarks of being preferred situated over after the last cycle and ought to have the option to maintain a strategic distance from a rehash of that result. Business cycles in developing business sector economies Although the financial writing on business cycles is huge, as of late have a few papers on business cycles in developing business sector economies showed up. Normally they break down monetary variances inside specific nations (e. g. Benczur and Ratfai, 2005) or make some crosscountry correlations (e. g. Aguayo et al. , 2004 or Carmignani, 2005). A typical technique utilized in the investigation of business cycles (in light of perceptions of develop economies and financial hypothesis) separates expert recurrent, counter-repeating and a-patterned factors. Expert repetitive factors vacillate along with GDP (e. g. mechanical creation, venture, business, expansion), countercyclical factors against GDP (e. g. nemployment, net fares) and a-patterned factors autonomously of GDP (e. g. genuine loan costs). 1 regarding timing, the ‘stylised facts’ of the business cycle recognize driving, slacking and correspondent factors: driving factors push forward of GDP (e. g. normal work efficiency, stock venture, cash gracefully), slacking factors follow GDP (e. g. swelling, ostensible loan fees) and incidental factors, as the name proposes, mov e unintentionally with GDP (e. g. mechanical creation, utilization, business) (Snowdon Vane, 2005, p. 306). In general, business cycles in developing business sector economies (Carmignani, 2005)2 are very little unique in relation to those in develop economies (Snowdon and Vane, 2005, p. 306), By Michal Narozny* The business cycle in Poland: where do we stand? Features in this issue: †¢ While in general not unique in relation to develop economies, the properties of the business cycle in Poland show some extraordinary attributes †¢ The present cycle appears to have arrived at a pinnacle however the log jam is likely not to be as articulated as in the past cycle Volume IV, Issue 9 03. 08. 2007 ECFIN COUNTRY FOCUS Directorate for the Economies of the Member States. The perspectives communicated in the ECFIN Country Focus have a place with the creators in particular and don't really compare to those of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs or the European Commission. Monetary examination from the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Identification of bearing and timing is key in business cycle investigation ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 2 yet economies experiencing significant change (however they don't comprise a homogeneous gathering) show some particular attributes: in general, the economy is considerably more unpredictable than in the euro zone, which is the outcome of auxiliary switches and making up for lost time, †¢ stuns are marginally less constant than in the euro zone, and variances therefore increasingly visit, †¢ government utilization is more flighty than in the euro zone, recommending a huge optional component in financial strategies, yet not one that is essentially focused on patterned adjustment, †¢ work is a-repeating in a few, yet ace repetitive in other rising economies, †¢ swelling in developing economies is unstable and not plainly professional recurrent. Table 1 shows some speculative examination of the key macroeconomic factors in the Polish business cycle. All factors (aside from expansion and net fares) were logtransformed, de-seasonalised by methods for the X. 12 technique and later de-slanted utilizing the HP channel. Net fares were communicated as a proportion to GDP and deseasonalised by methods for the multiplicative X. 11 strategy before being de-drifted. Instability of recurrent vacillations, and subsequently the extent of the business cycle, is estimated by the standard deviation. Clean GDP unpredictability is around 0. 015, contrasted with 0. 08 for the euro zone. The perseverance of repeating vacillations is estimated by the auto-relationship coefficient: the more like 1, the more tireless the stun (and the more it takes to retain it) and along these lines the less change in the business cycle. Testing for the Polish business cycle tirelessness yields a coefficient of 0. 55 contrasted with 0. 85 for the euro zone. Table 1. Outline measurements of business cycle changes in Poland Correlations with the recurrent segment of GDP Poland Standard Autodeviation relationship - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 GDP 0. 015 0. 550 1 Modern creation 3. 317 0. 730 - 0. 018 0. 154 0. 314 0. 515 0. 771 0. 599 0. 444 0. 229 0. 113 Private utilization 0. 013 0. 269 0. 015 0. 079 0. 283 0. 433 0. 434 0. 385 0. 463 0. 380 0. 037 Government utilization 0. 020 0. 001 - 0. 200 0. 007 0. 230 0. 022 - 0. 211 0. 175 0. 282 0. 199 0. 051 GFCF 0. 070 0. 717 0. 357 0. 399 0. 403 0. 484 0. 824 0. 585 0. 371 0. 313 0. 344 Inventories 1. 189 - 0. 072 - 0. 139 0. 044 0. 021 0. 074 0. 199 0. 187 0. 150 0. 177 0. 230 Net fares 0. 012 0. 574 - 0. 061 - 0. 174 - 0. 386 - 0. 373 - 0. 326 - 0. 513 - 0. 497 - 0. 389 - 0. 452 Exports 0. 58 - 0. 005 0. 098 0. 199 0. 177 0. 225 0. 594 - 0. 018 0. 030 - 0. 016 - 0. 193 Imports 0. 063 0. 378 0. 097 0. 252 0. 350 0. 408 0. 672 0. 377 0. 384 0. 258 0. 175 Employment 0. 017 0. 857 0. 291 0. 372 0. 411 0. 452 0. 545 0. 409 0. 333 0. 355 0. 344 Labor profitability 0. 354 0. 512 0. 120 0. 090 0. 056 0. 070 0. 133 0. 257 0. 109 0. 026 - 0. 142 Money flexibly (M1) 0. 041 0. 776 - 0. 078 - 0. 060 0. 092 0. 260 0. 475 0. 472 0. 535 0. 505 0. 432 Inflation 1. 819 0. 779 0. 092 0. 321 0. 511 0. 596 0. 473 0. 290 0. 082 - 0. 082 - 0. 146 CPI 1. 737 0. 777 0. 086 0. 255 0. 411 0. 422 0. 00 0. 082 - 0. 075 - 0. 167 - 0. 184 Real financing cost 0. 655 0. 942 0. 226 0. 279 0. 302 0. 263 0. 135 0. 132 0. 120 0. 092 0. 088 Source: Own assessments. Information source: Eurostat. Test: 1995Q3 †2007Q1 Summary insights Lags Leads Business cycles in Poland †what is extraordinary and what is indistinguishable The investigation of the Polish cycle yields a number stylised realities, which are somewhat average for rising economies. Table 2 sums up various stylised realities on business cycles in develop economies and in Poland (remembering the moderately brief timeframe range for the last mentioned). It shows that a portion of the typical attributes of business cycles in develop economies (or even in rising economies) are not found in Poland. Where this is the situation, some understanding is advertised. Modern creation is normally expert repetitive and incidental in both develop and rising economies, yet in Poland it has a marginally driving property, which shows the significance of mechanical creation as a driver of the business cycle. In the total interest parts, private utilization is by all accounts procyclical in Poland. Be that as it may, it isn't incidental as in develop economies, and has a lead-slack profile that isn't run of the mill: it is practically level more than four quarters with some lead. Henceforth, albeit private utilization is the biggest part of GDP, the dynamic connection after some time between the two factors is inconsistent, conceivably showing utilization smoothing, which is normal for low-pay economies. In any case, the proportion of the standard deviation of private utilization to the standard deviation of GDP (by which utilization smoothing is typically judged) is evaluated at 0. 8, I. e. higher than the upper bound of the typical range announced in the writing. 3 This recommends utilization smoothing is absent in Poland, which may demonstrate lower hazard avoidance or potentially underdevelopment of budgetary markets. The Polish business cycle shows some trademark properties Business changes in Poland are profoundly unstable and constant ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 3 Table 2. The ‘stylised facts’ about business cycles in develop economies and Poland Variable Mature economies* Poland** class Variable Bearing Timing Direction Timing Supply side Industrial creation star repetitive incidental professional patterned correspondent/driving Private utilization genius recurrent correspondent ace repeating flighty Government utilization ace patterned unpredictable counter-recurrent/whimsical inconsistent GFCF master recurrent incidental expert repetitive incidental Inventories ace repetitive driving ace repeating driving Net fares counter-repeating correspondent/slacking counter-recurrent sporadic Exports ace patterned incidental ace repetitive incidental Demand segments Imports ace repetitive incidental ace recurrent incidental Work Employment professional repeating incidental genius patterned correspondent/slacking market Labor efficiency star recurrent driving ace repetitive driving Money flexibly master repeating driving expert recurrent driving Monetary Inflation ace recurrent slacking ace recurrent slacking factors Real Interest rates a-patterned inconsistent ace patterned slacking * Features usually found in the writing. Fundamental source: Snowdon ; Vane (2005) ** See Table 1 Source: Own estimations (see Table 1) and Snowdon ; Vane (2005) Government utilization is by all accounts neither efficiently counter-nor procyclical. High unpredictability and an exceptionally low constancy (I. e. visit vacillations of sizeable size) point to a sporadic

Autism and Rain Man free essay sample

Downpour Man In the motion pictures things are depicted in manners that should make the film sell, which implies that motion pictures are not constantly precise. The film Rain Man was about a man and his sibling, who happened to be a mentally unbalanced intellectual. In Rain Man Dustin Hoffman played Raymond, who was an advanced medically introverted academic. In the film Raymond had schedules and customs that he did; and when his schedules were hindered or he feared something he had a fit where he would hit his head. He would in general jibber jabber and rehash himself, and when he was focused on he would recount â€Å"Who’s on First? by Abbott and Costello. Raymond experienced difficulty cooperating with individuals and had issues understanding certain ideas. Raymond doesn’t like individuals contacting him or his stuff. He likewise doesn’t comprehend the idea of cash. The inquiry is, â€Å"Is this a reasonable depiction of a mentally unbalanced academic? â₠¬  The appropriate response is that in any event some portion of it is practical. The character Dustin Hoffman played depended on a genuine intellectual. The name of the intellectual that enlivened the film, and got the title of â€Å"real life Rain Man† was Kim Peek. Dustin Hoffman really invested energy with Kim Peek so he could all the more precisely play the character. While he may have gotten the academic piece of his job right, Dustin Hoffman might not have fundamentally gotten the medically introverted piece of his job right, since he didn’t really meet with a mentally unbalanced as he did with Kim Peek. That implies that to discover how exact the film was in depicting mental imbalance, you should initially investigate and show signs of improvement comprehension of chemical imbalance. Individuals with mental imbalance for the most part experience beginning preceding age three. It has been evaluated that there are roughly two to five instances of chemical imbalance per ten thousand people. Guys are four to multiple times bound to have chemical imbalance, yet young ladies with chemical imbalance are bound to be all the more seriously intellectually impeded. Additionally, you are bound to have chemical imbalance on the off chance that one of your kin has mental imbalance. Chemical imbalance has been appeared to take a ceaseless course. It has been accounted for that a few youngsters with mental imbalance act unusual from the hour of birth. Their folks report being stressed since the time they were conceived. With these children, their folks notice an absence of enthusiasm for social collaboration. In early stages, manifestations are more earnestly to see and characterize than those found after age two. Then again, it has additionally been accounted for that other youngsters with mental imbalance were formatively typical for the main year or two of their life. Youngsters with chemical imbalance will in general have issues with imagine play, verbal and nonverbal correspondence, and social collaborations. In school-matured kids formative increases are basic in certain regions. Typically, a few people fall apart around puberty while others improve. Just a limited quantity of medically introverted individuals are equipped for living and working independently when they arrive at adulthood. It is evaluated that just around 33% of medically introverted individuals are fit for accomplishing any measure of incomplete autonomy. Indeed, even the most advanced grown-ups with chemical imbalance despite everything have issues with social associations and correspondence. The most advanced grown-ups with mental imbalance will likewise still have a little scope of leisure activities and interests. Individuals with chemical imbalance may have unordinary trouble when schedules are changed. They likewise may perform rehashed body developments, demonstrate unordinary connections to objects, and be excessively delicate in sight, hearing, contact, smell, or taste. Individuals with mental imbalance will likewise have communicational issues, which may incorporate the powerlessness to begin or keep up a social discussion, utilizing motions to convey rather than words, having moderate language improvement or no language advancement, not modifying their look to concentrate on what others are taking a gander at, not alluding to themselves effectively (like by saying you rather than I when discussing themselves), not highlighting guide others focus toward objects, rehashing remembered words, expressions, discoursed, and sections (like from books or films), and utilizing gibberish rhyming. Mentally unbalanced individuals are pulled back. They don't make companions or take an interest in intuitive games. At the point when mentally unbalanced individuals play, they don’t emulate the activities of others. They incline toward single or formal play rather than bunch games. They take part in practically zero imagine or inventive play. Medically introverted individuals may not react to eye to eye connection or grins, and may even maintain a strategic distance from eye to eye connection. They may regard others as items rather than individuals and show an absence of sympathy towards others. Mentally unbalanced would prefer to invest energy alone than with others. Medically introverted individuals may likewise have bizarre reactions to tangible data. For xample, they may have uplifted or low faculties of sight, hearing, contact, smell, or taste. A mentally unbalanced individual would not bounce when they heard a boisterous clamor, despite the fact that they may discover t ypical commotions excruciating and clasp hands over ears. They may pull back from physical contact since it is over invigorating or overpowering. They may have elevated or brought reactions down to torment. They may likewise rub surfaces and lick objects. Mentally unbalanced individuals tend to â€Å"Act up with extreme fits when something they don't care for occurs (like not getting what they need). Medically introverted individuals may stall out on a solitary subject or assignment. They may likewise have a limited capacity to focus. Mentally unbalanced individuals will in general have thin interests and may show a solid requirement for equality. A medically introverted individual might be either overactive or detached. They may likewise show hostility towards themselves or others. Individuals with mental imbalance have explicit neuropsychological shortages that produce a considerable lot of the side effects related with chemical imbalance. It has been distinguished that prefrontal disabilities are available in mentally unbalanced individuals that influence things like spatial working memory, consideration moving, and reaction hindrance. Likewise, there have been weaknesses identified in the average worldly projection and in facial preparing. It has likewise been indicated that extremely small kids with mental imbalance have strange ERP reactions to faces, feelings, and discourse. It has likewise been demonstrated that individuals with mental imbalance have sound-related handling variations from the norm. There is no solution for mental imbalance, however the manifestations can be overseen through treatment. Additionally, it has been indicated that early, serious conduct projects can fundamentally improve learning and relational abilities and diminish upset practices. It has been demonstrated that youngsters that are better working toward the beginning of treatment are bound to acquire from the treatment. Biomedical medicines are restricted to utilizing drugs to deal with the troublesome conduct, self-harming, and generalized conduct. As indicated by Abnormal Psychology In A Changing World (Seventh Edition) â€Å"Autistic characteristics for the most part proceed into adulthood somewhat or another† (Nevid, Rathus Green, 2008, p. 485). All things being equal, some mentally unbalanced youngsters proceed to get professional educations and capacity freely. Others need steady treatment all through the term of their lives and some even need organized consideration. Since we have enough data on mental imbalance we can make a judgment on how sensible the film was in depicting Raymond Babbitt as a medically introverted intellectual. Since the entertainer met with Kim Peek, a genuine intellectual, and contemplated his quirks and capacities, we can infer that his portrayal of academics is sensible. He didn't however; meet with a mentally unbalanced to realize what they resemble, so we should see his activities as Raymond Babbitt and judge their credibility as the practices a medically introverted individual would understanding. It has been called attention to that in the film Raymond Babbitt had schedules and customs that he did; and when his schedules were hindered or he feared something he had a fit where he would hit his head. He would in general prattle and rehash himself, and when he was focused on he would present â€Å"Who’s on First? † by Abbott and Costello. Raymond experienced difficulty cooperating with individuals and had issues understanding certain ideas. Raymond doesn’t like individuals contacting him or his stuff. He likewise doesn’t comprehend the idea of cash. Aside from Raymond’s powerlessness to comprehend the idea of cash, the entirety of the peculiarities about Raymond that are not represented by his academic nature are represented by mental imbalance. The main thing unaccounted for is his powerlessness to comprehend the idea of cash which had a genuinely enormous impact in the storyline of the film. In this, all in all we can say that Rain Man followed reality entirely well in its portrayal of mental imbalance. ? References NICHD Staff Presentations on Autism Research. (2010, June 2). etrieved April 13 2011, from Autism Research at the NICHD Web Site: http://www. nichd. nih. gov/chemical imbalance/mental imbalance. cfm Treffert, D. , MD. (n. d. ). Kim Peek The Real Rain Man | Wisconsin Medical Society. Doctors Page | Wisconsin Medical Society. Recovered April 11, 2011, from http://www. wisconsinmedicalsociety. organization/savant_syndrome/savant_profiles/kim_peek Kanashiro, N Zieve, D (2010, April 26). Mental imbalance. recover ed April 10 2011, from Autism PubMed Health Web Site: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002494/American Psychiatric

Whatever They Told You About Excellent College Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Excellent College Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The Basic Facts of Excellent College Essay Samples At exactly the same time, you are going to impress the college admissions folks greatly if it is possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. Instead, think about a compelling reason you would want to visit college and compose that reason down. Attempt to conclude with an illustration of the way the failure improved the direction you deal with similar situations now. Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. When you start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person which you are. The primary goal behind essay writing isn't just sharing our feelings and views with the readers each of the times. For a beginning, the usual application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. When you follow your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. Because you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the ideal information about you, you should do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to attain its purposes. If you wish to create a college essay which works, you want to provide importance on the content which you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. Your college essay should contain information that are related to the instruction offered to you. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. You have to show the admission committee what makes you stick out from the other applicants. Many college authorities ask that you compose an application essay before getting an admission. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is an excellent fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. From grades to community assistance, most colleges have specific requirements they will search for in students. Be certain your essay explains everything the reader should know to comprehend what you were facing. By now you know precisely what you will write about and how you would like to tell the story. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. To determine what should be finished, you ought to take a look at a wonderful deal of other essay examples. When you surf our site for recommendations that may help you write your own essay, you will come across many helpful tips. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions provided to you. For more help, have a look at our article on thinking up wonderful tips for your essay topic. When you're finished writing, you want to make sure your essay still adheres to the prompt. Oftentimes, the most effective essay topic is one which lets a number of your imperfections seep through. You have to remember an essay example ought to have a critical tone to it, or in different words, it shouldn't be humorous. The essay, to put it differently, paints an extremely very good picture of our author. The way you begin your essay is important to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. The way you start your application essay is critical to how well it'll be received. Ease yourself in the essay-writing approach. An essay outline can help you organize the total structure of your essay. The prompt for this essay clarifies that even when you don't have a special story to tell, you still need to don't hesitate to choose this topic. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. This essay would like to know whether this mindset of out-of-the-box-ness is something you're already comfortable with. A superb essay is one which leaves an enduring impression. As stated earlier, it would follow the standard personal essay format. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective.

Approaches to the Study of Consumer Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2368 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Review Did you like this example? Economic Man, Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Cognitive and Humanistic Consumers possess considerable discretion to make independent and autonomous choices about what they will and will not buy, from whom they will buy, as well as from whom they will not, and this purchasing power leaves most businesses that are not monopolies little choice but to adopt a consumer orientation, meaning that they must resolutely focus on understanding customers in order to more effectively fulfil their needs (Baker Hart, 2003). Specifically, in marketing, a good understanding of customers lives to the maximum extent possible is crucial to ensuring that the most appropriate products and services are being marketed to the right people in the most effective way possible (Kotler Keller, 2012). Influencing consumers behaviour, and in particular their purchasing decisions, is at the focal point of all the effort and resources that are devoted to marketing (Kotler Armstrong, 2014) and because of this fact, marketers will require an in depth understanding of the principle s and motivations behind consumers behaviour if they expect to be able to effectively anticipate, forecast and perhaps even instigate what consumers will do in the future (Baker Hart, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Approaches to the Study of Consumer Behaviour" essay for you Create order According to Jobber and Fahy (2006), it is nearly impossible to succeed at marketing without an in-depth understanding of how and why consumers behave in the ways that they do and therefore, it is unsurprising that consumer behaviour and the ways in which consumers make decisions, particularly purchasing decisions, are prominent research topics and have been studied extensively in the various fields of consumer science (Erasmus, Boshoff, Rousseau, 2001). The first attempts at understanding consumer behaviour were based on the assumptions typically made in orthodox economics, that in a world of scarce resources, economic actors or economic men, are primarily motivated to reconcile the inevitable tension between unlimited needs and limited resources (Keizer, 2010) and that all behaviour results from rational decision making in the pursuit of purely self-regarding choices (Camerer Fehr, 2006). For instance, a consumer presented with the same product at different prices, all other t hings being equal, will almost certainly choose the option which has the lower price. This approach assumes that consumers are always consciously aware of all their true preferences, ranked in order of priority and social factors are assumed to be irrelevant in interpersonal relations, which are assumed to be primarily motivated by economics (Keizer, 2010). In essence, the economic men approach considers consumers behaviour to be motivated primarily by the rational pursuit of optimum economic benefit. Over the last three decades however, a large body of evidence has been accumulated showing that a number of the assumptions routinely made in economics about rationality and preference are, in reality, abstractions which are regularly violated in real world situations (Camerer Fehr, 2006). Behavioural psychologists dispute the assumption that consumers are by and large rational actors, the central assumption of the economic man approach (Keizer, 2010). In reality consumers behaviou r is often driven by psychological forces that often occur completely outside the conscious mind and of which consumers are not aware as well as motives that they may not fully understand (Kotler Armstrong, 2014) and, therefore, according to Keizer, (2010) to understand the functioning and the inner workings of the human mind is to gain insight as to what underlies and drives consumer behaviour. Even though the cognitive, psychodynamic and behavioural approaches to the study of consumer behaviour are all based on understanding the functioning of the mind, each takes a different perspective on the consumer in order to interpret their behaviour. The first attempts to ascribe consumer behavior to cognitive processes made use of the information processing patterns of digital computers in the 1960s as the model for the mental process of decision making (Baker Hart, 2003) and typically depict purchasing decisions by consumers as a five step sequential process which occurs mostly subc onsciously (Marsden Littler, 1996) starting with the recognition of a need or problem, followed by a search for information as to how that need may be fulfilled, which is then followed by an evaluation of available choices and options uncovered in the information search, after which the actual decision to purchase is made and then, finally, consumers undertake a post-decision evaluation of the outcome of the choice they have made (Erasmus, Boshoff, Rousseau, 2001). Baker Hart (2003) identify a weakness in this cognitive approach in pointing out that no account is taken of individual situational factors or context as no differentiation is made, for instance, between consumers making one-off buying decisions for durable products and others making repeat purchases of familiar brands or consumer goods. Also, in the case of low-risk, low-cost or low-involvement decisions or variety seeking consumers, information is not always processed in a deliberate rational manner (Kotler Keller, 2012). As the minds of other people are inaccessible, the cognitive approach is necessarily subjective (Keizer, 2010) and since there is no means by which cognitive processes can be directly observed or objectively measured, according to Bennett Bove (2002) they do not have a place in study and research. The psychodynamic approach to the study of consumer behaviour is largely based around the ideas and theories of Sigmund Freud (Backhaus et al., 2007) who believed that behaviour is not based on environmental stimuli or cognitive processes (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2008) but instead is the result of a fundamental internal conflict and interplay between the drive for gratification of needs, wants with desires, will power and the limitations on behaviour brought about due to the survival and social necessities of being accepted as a functioning member of society (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). Some drives may be innate, like the need to eat, while others will be acquired or l earned, like the need to smoke cigarettes (Bennett, 1996), but both drive behaviour all the same. According to Marsden Littler (1996) childhood experiences have a powerful influence on many of the drives that follow consumers throughout their lives. Sigmund Freud theorised that there are three systems within the human mind: the id, the ego and the superego. According to his theories, we are motivated as humans to behave in ways which minimise any conflict between these three entities (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). The id is about selfish, illogical and immediate gratification and nothing more, without regard for any consequences and operating according to the pleasure principle, which is the basic desire to maximise pleasure and avoid pain. The superego counteracts the id, acting in essence like a conscience and internalising societys rules especially as was taught by ones parents (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). The ego is the system that mediates be tween the id and the superego. The ego tries to find the balance between the other two, applying the reality principle which means finding ways to attain the maximum gratification for the id that society at large will accept. As these conflicts occur unconsciously, consumers are not normally aware of the underlying reasons for the behaviour they bring about (Solomon, Russell-Bennett Previte, 2013). In a landmark study into behaviour, Watson Rayner (1920) proved behaviour could be learned due to external events by teaching a small child to fear otherwise harmless objects through the repeated association with loud noises. The behaviourist approach, contends that conditioning of consumers behaviour occurs as a result of external stimuli (Marsden Littler, 1996) which triggers responses while, at the same time feedback received from the environment as a result of past behaviours, whether perceived as positive or negative, will act as reinforcement and will serve to strengthen or we aken future responses accordingly so that consumers will be driven to repeat behaviour which is perceived to have been rewarded, whereas behaviour that elicits negative feedback will likely be avoided (Bennett, 1996). For example, a satisfactory experience when consuming a product or service will make it more likely that the consumer will purchase the product again, whereas a negative experience will probably cause the consumer to avoid that product. Around the time of the turn of this century, Nataraajan Bagozzi (1999: 637) identified in adequacies in the approaches to the study of consumer behaviour stating: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a pressing need in the field to balance the rational, cognitive side of marketing thought and practice with new ideas and research on the emotional facets of marketing behaviour. The humanistic approach emphasizes the self, and places the individual consumer at the centre of the analysis (Keizer, 2010). The cognitive, economic, psychodynamic and behavio urist approaches outlined above all make assumptions based largely on generic rules, without taking into account that consumers are all unique individuals who may respond differently to the same stimuli, and without taking into account that experiences are personal, subjective and unique to each individual by definition, as are the emotions associated with those experiences (Ahola, 2005). Also, they assume that behaviour is always self-interested and do not account for selfless or altruistic behaviour (Nataraajan Bagozzi, 1999). Consumers will often seek to express some sort of self-definition through their belongings leading to an unsurprising consistency between a consumers values and the things they buy (Solomon, et al., 2006). These aspects of individualism and personality are manifested in the concept of the true self (Keizer, 2010) or, as referred to by Sirgy (1982) the self-concept. Demand for certain goods and services is known to be driven by the perceived emotional value to consumers (Vigneron Johnson, 1999), for instance, there are certain product classes, particularly in the entertainment industry for which consumption is largely driven by consumers seeking emotional arousal, not economic benefit or functional utility (Ahola, 2005). In terms of comparison and differentiation, consumer behaviour is portrayed as highly rational in the economic man approach (in responding to economic stimuli) as well as in the cognitive approach (in following the sequence of decision making steps). The cognitive approach is, however, vulnerable to certain biases due to the way that people normally process information. Of these errors, two are of note and these are: fundamental attribution error, which results from incorrect identification of the impact or origin of certain situational factors which will have an impact on behaviour and self-serving bias, which is the tendency of individuals to play up their role in successes while ascribing failures to external si tuational factors (Keizer, 2010). In summary, the psychodynamic and the behaviourist approaches both acknowledge that there are internal cognitive processes taking place in the mind and both regard human behaviour to be the outcome of various interactions between internal factors like drive and response and external factors like stimulus and reinforcement (Skinner, 1953) however, in the behaviourist approach, behaviour is originated externally from the environment whereas the psychodynamic approach ascribes the origin of behaviour to internal biologically drives. The humanistic approach made an appearance in psychology as an alternative to behaviourism and psychoanalysis approach (Dafermos, 2006) and is the only one that accounts for individual perception and interpretation also, acknowledging that these are not completely determined by the environment, by economics or by internal psychology (Keizer, 2010). Proponents of the humanistic approach attribute consumers behaviour to free will and considers them to be responsible for their actions, while criticising the research techniques adopted by in approaches for examining consumers solely as objects and not as subjects (Dafermos, 2006). In conclusion, consumer behaviour has been established to be a highly important aspect of management, in particularly, marketing management. The five approaches to the study of consumers covered compared and contrasted in this paper, are the economic man approach, the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic and behaviourist approaches and finally, the humanistic approach. These studies have come from different perspectives but, given the value to businesses of understanding how consumers behave, as well as the ability to more accurately predict future consumer behaviour, it is not surprising that there have been a number of research studies on the nature and origins of consumer behaviour. References Ahola, E. K. (2005). How is the concept of experience defined in consumer culture theory? Discussing different frames of analysis. Kulutustutkimus. Nyt.[Publication of the Finnish Association of Consumer Research]. Vol. 1. [Online] Available from: https://www.kulutustutkimus.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/1-10-ahola.pdf Backhaus, K. Hillig, T. and Wilken, R. (2007) Predicting purchase decision with different conjoint analysis methods. International Journal of Market Research. Vol. 49, No. 3. pp. 341-364 Baker, M., Hart, S. (2003) The Marketing Book. 5th Ed. Oxford, England/Burlington, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann Bennett, R. (1996) Relationship formation and governance in consumer markets: transactional analysis versus the behaviourist approach. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 12, No. 5. pp 417-436. Bennett, R., Bove, L. (2002) Identifying the key issues for measuring loyalty. Australasian Journal of Market Research, Vol. 9, No. 2. pp 27-44. Camerer, C. F., Fehr, E. (2006) When does economic man dominate social behavior? Science. Vol. 311, No. 5757. pp 47-52. Dafermos, M.- (2006). Psychology and Ethics: the double face of Janus. Eleftherna. Vol. 3, pp 97-110. [Online] Available from: https://ilhs.info/en/34%20PsychEthicsMDafFV.pdf Erasmus, A. C., Boshoff, E., Rousseau, G. G. (2001). Consumer decision-making models within the discipline of consumer science: a critical approach. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences. Vol. 29. pp 82-90 Hoyer, W.D. Macinnis, D.J. (2008) Consumer Behaviour. 5th ed. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning Jobber, D. Fahy, J. (2006) Foundations of Marketing. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education Keizer, P. K. (2010) Psychology for economists. Tjalling C. Koopmans Institute Discussion Paper Series. Vol 10, No. 17. pp 1-43. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2014) Principles of Marketing. Global Ed. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd Kotler, P Keller, K. L. (2012) Marke ting Management. 14th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Hall Marsden, D., Littler, D. (1996) Evaluating alternative research paradigms: A marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?oriented framework. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 12, No. 7.pp 645-655. Nataraajan, R., Bagozzi, R. P. (1999) The year 2000: Looking back. Psychology marketing, Vol. 16, No. 8. pp 631-642. Sirgy, M. J. (1982) Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of consumer research, vol. 9, No. 3. pp 287-300. Skinner, B.F. (1953) Science and Human Behaviour. New York: The Free Press Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. Hogg, M. K. (2006) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 3rd Ed. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., Previte, J. (2013). Consumer behaviour. 3rd Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Pearson Australia Vigneron, F., Johnson, L. W. (1999) A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Academy of M arketing Science Review. Vol 1, No. 1. pp 1-15. Watson, J. B., Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of experimental Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 1. pp 1 -14

The Signifigance of Fishing in the Sun Also Rises - 786 Words

Escaping the Wasteland The fishing trip within Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises provides a pilgrimage of rejuvenation to the novels participating characters, Jake Barnes and Bill Gorton. Escaping the wasteland that is Paris, the two men shove off, (Hemingway, VIII), to Burguete, Spain, where they fish for trout on the Irati River. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Jake was left impotent from an injury incurred while serving with the Italian Front in World War 1. His inability to consummate his love for the insatiable Brett Ashley, and the sterile social backdrop of Paris provide a striking similarity to the Arthurian Fisher King motif of a man generatively impaired, and his kingdom thusly sterile. Bill Gorton, an†¦show more content†¦Left disenchanted by dashed Victorian notions of glory and valor in combat, the survivors of the war were casting aside the preconceived ideals of their elders in search of a more liberal and open way of life. Doing away with the cold formality of the city, Jake and Bill are able to openly express their thoughts and feelings with each other without fear of conformity or social repercussion. They are free to explore new modes of thinking and reflection that allow for closure with their war torn pasts. Within the lull of the Spanish countryside, Jake is able to wrest with his inner demons, and come to peace with them. Through fishing, he is able to regain pleasure in the natural simplicity of life. The anguish and dejection of his life in Paris is forgotten in the excellence of sportsmanship. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Scribner : New York.

Russias History Essay Example For Students

Russias History Essay Russias HistoryJoseph Stalin (1927-1953) led the Soviet State through the challenges of World War II. Although the war was a terrible drain on the already impoverished and exhausted society, it resulted, paradoxically in strengthening the Soviet dictatorship. The war distracted the Soviet people from Stalins excesses in previous years and generated patriotism and national unity. It also greatly strengthened the Soviet military. The Soviet Union emerged from the war as second in power only to the United States. (Dr. Minton F, Goldman) So what were the factors that contributed to the collapse of the super power and what is preventing Russia from re-entering the international community as a stabilized independent country. In the beginning, Communism seemed to be the utopian ideal for the people of Russia because it promised elimination of classes, guaranteed employment, and gave hope that The creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all. In 1917, when Lenin came to power the socialist dictatorship underwent radical changes in its economic doctrines adopting the New Economic Policy giving control of the majority of means of production to the government. Lenins government made many achievements and in fact throughout the majority of Communist rule, censorship and subordination of interest groups was imposed to stop dissension and increase conformity to the new governments policies. After Lenins death in 1924, his predecessor Joseph Stalin continued his reforms and at length became completely totalitarian making himself the most powerful man in Russia. Stalin began the Great Purge (campaign of removing all opposition to the Communist rule) in which millions of people were arrested and either harassed or killed. The economic system was changed so that the government controlled the entire system. All the private ownership ended, industrialization was commenced, and the strength of the military was substantially increased. During this period, agricultural production output diminished resulting in food shortages. These shortages were only enhanced by the mass exportation of food. Stalin also put the production of manufacturing machinery over basic consumer goods and other staples. To top things off, the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. Although Russia came out of the war a super power, the death of Stalin in 1953 marked the end of supreme power for the head of the Communist party. For the next several years, Russia went through different leaders trying to find one to save the suffering society. Khrushchev achieved minor reforms, but was dismissed due to shortages in grain and dairy products and his blame for the Cuban Missile Crisis. Leonid Brezhnev reversed most of the progress made by Krushchev and restored many of Stalins political disciplinary policies. During this time, there was an inefficient use land, labor and resources, which resulted in an economic slackening. Bureaucrats were paid for loyalty with material wealth and public interests were placed secondary to personal gain. In the 1980s, the already impoverished standard of living for Soviet citizens dropped dramatically. This caused strikes and public outcry against the administration, which threatened the stability of the Soviet Union. The people were angry because in exchange for their obedience, the Communist Party had promised them employment, free health care, and a level of comfort. None of t hese promises was fulfilled. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, he began a program called Perestroika which was the organizational restructuring of the Soviet economy and government apparatus. He also began a policy called Glasnost to support the restructuring. Glasnost which emphasized openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings. The purpose of these reforms was to elevate the Soviet standard of living in order to reaffirm the citizenrys loyalties to the Communist Party and to enable the restoration of the Soviet economy and ideal. State control was lessened and individual initiative encouraged. He took many different steps to ease international affairs as well. However, during this period of change, strong nationalistic opinion started in the republics of the Soviet Union causing major upheaval. In 1991, as the Soviet economy deteriorated, Gorbachev faced competing pressures from hard-line Communists, from free-market reformers, and from nationalists and secessionists seeking independence for their republics. Gorbachev suspended party activities, placed reformers in charge of the military and KGB, and allowed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to become independent republics. The USSR voted itself out of existence in 1991, and Gorbachev resigned as its president. .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .postImageUrl , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:visited , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:active { border:0!important; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:active , .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9 .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47b28c042c1672071da95cbabf440db9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Perspectives on Childhood in The Glass Castle and The Kite Runner EssayUnder the Communist regime, there were immense social problems. In the period before Gorbachev, all religion was made extremely difficult to practice by the government. There was a substantial amount of alcoholism and crime mostly due to harsh working and living conditions. There was extreme discrimination against women due to a strong sexist attitude. This made it extremely difficult for women to find decent employment, especially since they were also expected to keep household duties, and women were very scarce in government. Relations among the different ethnic groups, which lived within the Soviet Union, were very tense and sometimes openly hostile. The education system also caused tension because it was set up to motivate students to be obedient and Atheist, among other things. Students were also assigned jobs upon graduation, and if they did not accept the designated position, it could damage their advancement opportunities in the future. Graduates were sometimes prone to suicide because of this. The health care system was under funded. Most hospitals were under staffed and the equipment was outdated, medical supplies were also scarce. Poor standards of sanitation and public hygiene lead to an increase annual death rate, a drop in the birth rate, and a decrease of the life expectancy of a citizen. All of these factors in a way, lead to the disintegration of the communist Regime, taking into account all of the social problems and the years of mismanagement of the countries resources, we can see why the economy slowed and citizen support for the government diminished. Boris Yeltsin was named President of Russia in 1990 and immediately declared Russias independence. He also moved to end state control of the economy, privatized most industries and among other things outlawed the Communist Party. Under Yeltsin and its other leaders, the Russian economy has been put through many reforms, which have only proved to throw it into disarray. This is mainly due to the Soviet governments lack of experience in Democratic/Capitalist governing and has to huge dent in the economy left behind by years of Communist rule. Currently, the Russian economy is in disarray, and the standard of living for the average citizen is as low if not lower than during the Communist rule. This had bred many social problems, which, in effect, mirror those of the Communist administration. Religious and ethnic animosity and the lack of proper education in this new political and economic system has lead to public discontent and a rise in the alcoholism problem. The elimination of the middle class resulting in extreme wealth for a select few, and bitter poverty for the masses along with the collapse of private banks eliminating the savings of millions of people. There is an apparent lack of participation by citizens in the government and in return a lack of communication by the government with the people. With the instability of Russias government widespread corruption that leaves power and decision making to organized criminal groups such as the Mafia, the world can see that Russia has a long hard road to Democracy. BibliographyFunk Wagnalls. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich; Russia; United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwelath of Independent States. Microsoft Encarta Ed. Microsoft Corporation. 1997 Ed. Funk Wagnalls. Russia, United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwealth of Independent States. The World Almanac and Book of Facts ed. Funk Wagnalls Corporation. 1996 Ed. Columbia University Press. Communism The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations Ed. Columbia University Press. 1996 Ed. Columbia University Press. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich; Russia; United Soviet Socialist Republic; Yeltson, Boris Nikolayevich; Communism; Commonwealth of Independent States. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia Ed. Columbia University Press. 1996 Ed. Internet Web Page. Everything about Russia (History Section). Http://WWW.RUSSIA.NETInternet Web Page. CNN Interactive (Russian Archive). http://WWW.CNN.COM Minton F. Goldman, Russian and the Eurasian Republics Building New Political Orders. PP 14-25 and 34-45. .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .postImageUrl , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:visited , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:active { border:0!important; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:active , .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5 .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9320c3886709c6a4de7c25a3a6900f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clash Of Civilizations EssayEuropean History

Annotated Bibliography for Dummies or Step-by-Step Directions to Get Armed for the Scientific Paper Reference

Annotated Bibliography for Dummies or Step-by-Step Directions to Get Armed for the Scientific Paper Reference Having to write an annotated bibliography for the first time can be intimidating and working on it usually raises a lot of questions: Where to begin? What can I do? What can’t I do? A lot of students do not have a clear idea of how this works, so we have put together an â€Å"annotated bibliography for dummies† guide that will help you start. First of all, let’s shed some light on what an annotated bibliography really is and how it is different from other types of bibliography. An annotated bibliography is different from the straightforward one because it comes with concise annotations added to the reference list. An annotation is a short text, which offers a brief overview on the purpose of the cited text, what the central ideas of the material are and how the author approached them. If you immediately thought of it like being the abstract you can find at the beginning of an academic article, you are almost right, but an annotation is usually more than a descriptive summary. While you can write a purely descriptive annotation, it helps a lot if you add your critical personal view, as it shows that you have truly researched your thesis or essay and have put thought into it. The two main types of annotations are descriptive and evaluative. Here are the key elements for each: Citation details (write them as you would do for a simple bibliography; you can use APA, MLA or Harvard citations styles, depending on the requirements); Present the main purpose of the work in one short statement (You can start with â€Å"In this article the author presents† or â€Å"The author’s research focuses on†, etc.); Write a summary of the main ideas, and how the author has approached them (used an academic style; kept the sentences clear and concise or used transition words such as therefore, moreover, however etc.). So far, these are the elements of a descriptive annotation. To write an evaluative annotation you have to add some personal impressions and comments. Present a few personal points of view on how strong the research is, what its limitations or strong points are. Connect the author’s work to your research: how helpful it is and how you plan to include it in your own research. Common mistakes while writing an annotated bibliography are directly related to drifting from its definition. Adding up irrelevant pieces of information or omitting the required one might provide you with a negative review, so make sure all the references have correct annotations. Do not include the title of the cited work in the annotation, as you have already mentioned it in the citation. It might give the impression that you have no idea what to write about and you have not researched enough. Do not cross references in your annotation. You should focus on how the author approached the main ideas of his work. While he might cross other authors’ references to make a point, your annotation should not go into these details, but keep the information to the cited article or book. And keep in mind that you can avoid any mistakes with the help of our automated Free Citation Generator.

How to Take Good Biology Notes

How to Take Good Biology Notes One key to succeeding in biology is having good note-taking skills. It is not enough to just come to class and listen to the instructor. You must be able to take accurate, detailed notes in order to perform well on exams. In fact, most instructors use their lecture notes to come up with at least half, if not more, of their biology exam questions. Below are some good biology note-taking tips that are sure to help you learn how to take biology notes. Follow the Guidelines Some instructors provide course or lecture guidelines. Study these guidelines before class so you will be familiar with the material. Read any assigned materials before class as well. If you know what is going to be discussed beforehand, you will be better prepared to take notes. Get the Main Points An important key ​to success in biology note taking is the ability to focus on and write down the main points. Dont try to write down everything your instructor says, word for word. Its also a good idea to copy down anything the instructor writes on the chalkboard or overhead. This includes drawings, diagrams, or examples. Record the Lecture Many students find it difficult to take good biology notes because some instructors present information very quickly. In this case, ask the instructor for permission to record the lecture. Most instructors dont mind, but in case your instructor says no, you will have to practice taking notes quickly. Ask a friend to read an article quickly while you take notes. Review your notes to see if they are accurate and detailed. Leave Some Space When taking notes, be sure that you have enough space so that you can decipher what you have written. There is nothing more frustrating than having a page full of cramped, illegible notes. You will also want to be sure that you leave extra space in case you need to add more information later. Textbook Highlighting Many students find it useful to highlight information in textbooks. When highlighting, be sure to only highlight specific phrases or keywords. If you highlight every sentence, it will be difficult for you to identify the specific points that you need to focus on. Ensure Accuracy An effective way to ensure that the notes you have taken are accurate is to compare them with the information in your biology text. In addition, speak with the instructor directly and ask for feedback on your notes. Comparing notes with a classmate can also help you to capture the information you may have missed. Reorganize Your Notes Reorganizing your notes serves two purposes. It allows you to rewrite your notes in a format that helps you understand them more clearly, and it helps you to review the material you have written. Review Your Notes Once you have reorganized your biology notes, be sure to review them before the end of the day. Be certain that you know the main points and write a summary of the information. Reviewing your notes is also advantageous when preparing for a biology lab. Prepare For Biology Exams Your biology note-taking skills are essential for preparing for biology exams. You will find that if you follow the instructions above, most of the work in preparing for the exams will have already been done.

Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street Essay

Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street" concerns the surrealism movement and the Scarlett Street film. According to the surrealist manifesto, surrealism could be defined as the following: â€Å". Psychic ultimate is an, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation†. It is the latter part of this particular definition that will be leveraged with regards to seeking to explain the levels of surrealism that are evidenced within the film. In effect, it is this â€Å"dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all asked that he and moral preoccupation† that best defines the Surrealism represented in â€Å"Scarlet Street†. One could effectively argue the fact that if surrealism is constrained by anything, it is constra ined by impulse. The derivation and impacts that this level of impulse provides within the film is evidenced within nearly each and every plot device. The impulse that first guy and encourages Christopher Cross to engage the â€Å"assailant† of Kitty is precisely this; nothing more than an impulse. In very much the same way the otherwise â€Å"immoral† relationship that develops between Kitty and Chris as the film progresses can very much be understood within the context of surrealism; especially as it took place within an era that was defined by norms of behavior.

Narrative and Numbers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Narrative and Numbers - Essay Example Gabriel (2000), however, aims to make a distinction between narratives and stories. He emphatically argues that "not all narratives are stories", further stressing that "factual or objective accounts of events that aspire at objectivity rather than emotional effect must not be treated as stories." (p. 5) In the context of organizational dynamics, Gabriel's definition of storytelling singles out "workplace folklores" that provide entertainment value, requiring interpretative plot and coherence. He alludes to these stories as metaphorical windows into an organization's character, culture, and politics. His framework focuses on narratives with a temporal (time) element, a spatial setting (place), a cast of characters, a plot involving conflict and resolution, and most importantly, a certain continuity. Gabriel sees organizational stories as those that use literary narrative devices and motors to move a story forward. By molding the shape of the story and developing its structure, these devices basically manipulate the response of the reader or audience to the story. Because Gabriel believes that stories should be concerned with evoking emotional response rather than meaning, he asserts that organizational stories also focus on using narrative devices to elicit a particular response. Some of the examples used in organizational stories are: twists where the plot takes an unexpected turn; dialogue for stronger characterization; suspense or building the story to a point where the succeeding events are unknown and anticipated; effective description of tension or an atmosphere where conflicting ideas are created; and withholding key information to maximize suspense and tension. Using the voice of a narrator - which ranges from first to third voice - is also an effective tool. Other narr ative motors and devices include: time transitions (such as flashbacks or foreshadowing); a diary or journal format; and even an epistolary format, or a story written in the form of a personal letter. Similarly, Gabriel believes that tropes also play an important role in dynamic organizational storytelling. A trope is a rhetorical figure of speech that consists of a play in words, expanding a conceptual framework through figurative language. The use of tropes (such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony) in stories enables the storyteller to create impressions, organize experience, and create memories. Viewed in this perspective, Gabriel's definition of "stories" excludes opinions, proto-stories, and reports. Gabriel insists that these snippets of pseudo-stories are actually non-stories because of their fragmented natures2 - that is, they do not employ the elements and devices of "stories" and are not dynamic enough to elicit a response. In contrast, Boje (2001) believes that these fragments are essential as sense-making mechanisms within organizations. Therefore, organizational narratives are not "stories", but "antenarratives".(p. 1) Boje's etymology of "antenarrative" has a dichotomous implication. First, "ante" is a story before a narrative; i.e., a "pre-narrative". A narrative is something that adds coherence to the storyline; whereas an antenarrative is a story told before the narrative. "An antenarrative is

Liberty today Essay Example for Free

Liberty today Essay The common notion of liberty today has been linked to the connotation of being free – freedom from dictators telling what the people should do and should not do, freedom from responsibilities, and alleviation of any restrictions we are suffering before. Liberty has always been related to the mitigation of certain laws and restrictions that bind us to do things that we desire. This is exists either as punishment or as a responsibility. Some perceptions of liberty are those which enable us to do something, or give us access to certain things that we were not able to access before. This is a manifestation of how varied people’s views of liberty are, wherein this also created a delineation of liberty, as either positive, or the â€Å"freedom to † and negative liberty which is about being â€Å"free from†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This various meanings arise depending on the situation or timeline one lives in. Therefore, the meaning of liberty has been twisted and redefined over the course of history, making it a term directly associated with freedom. Liberty for some is a description of oneness, of a singular thing or object, wherein there exists one state of being. It is an interpersonal, social idea wherein it arose from the people’s need to communicate. Liberty means being treated as a fellow person by another man, not just his servant or worker. This acknowledgement means that the person is being treated as an equal, not as anyone higher or lower that you are. Liberty doesn’t mean you are moving away from a certain group, but looking closely, liberty is a feature of connection, not of isolation or exclusion. Liberty doesn’t entail isolating oneself from the others, but rather being able to connect with various people, like socializing and promoting interpersonal relationships from various people. So whether you isolate yourself, you are depriving yourself your liberty. Liberty has solicited a lot of different meanings, and there is no proof on which meaning is true or not. There are no clear definitions that tell what liberty means, and that it doesn’t necessarily imply that liberty means being free from people, from the laws they set which binds us, or whatever the consequences our actions bring on other people. The certain instance when liberty becomes meaningful is when we are free with people, wherein we are able to do anything that we desire freely. But doing this still has a limitation. Our freedom stops when we are overlapping or stepping on some other’s freedom. That is the time when liberty makes sense, when we know our limitations, when we know that a certain level of exercising our freedom would intervene somebody else liberty, not unless our actions could re-enforce other people’s liberty. But the sad reality of liberty is that it only exists on people of the same footing, between equal human beings. In the case of inequality, it introduces a hierarchal position, thus putting a man above another man, thus implying superiority over the other. Inequality leads to slavery and other forms of undermining other people. That is why liberty only exists or is exercised freely in a society of equals. Before, back when people are engaged in slave trade, the notion of liberty was being able to alleviate yourself from the bounds of your master, since you are a servant, you are expected to serve him. Since slavery at that time were literally robbing other ethnic societies of their people (eg. Slave trade in Africa,) they are being transported to other parts of the world, primarily in the western side, the Europeans. They are alienated from their own homes, forced to work in the lands of the white people, and their notion of liberty was going back to the lives they ones had, back in their homeland, where they lived freely, away from the bonds that these white people have imposed on them. Liberty at that time was an aspiration for the slaves, for slavery was the great oppressing force at that time. After slavery came the wars. People from other nations were moving to conquer other lands, extending their influence, showing the world the power they possess. After colonizing, their colonies were subjected to foreign rule, laws wherein they are not accustomed to, and these are being imposed to them strictly, whether they like it or not. At this point of time, Liberty is more of about freedom from the influence of other ideologies or customaries. When people are imposing something, like a certain rule or law to other people, it is a manifestation of their subjugation, thus trampling down the Liberty that exists for the people in the country that they have conquered. Liberty has been the cause of wars, of uprisings from these colonies, in order to fight for what they believe is right. Another instance was in the times of civil war, when people desired liberty from the harsh rules or unpleasant dispositions of their current leader. This causes people to form groups or factions and do undesirable things. These uprisings are said to be fighting for liberty, which in this case was being autonomous from the grasps of a cruel leader. Looking closely, the aspect of liberty in these situations was of a larger scale as compared to that of slavery. Slavery’s focus was alleviating your personal situation as a slave, or the liberty from the bonds of a master and slave. While these wars and uprisings is liberty on a larger scale on a national level wherein you wish to liberate the whole country or region itself from the bonds it has on the parent or colonizing country, wherein you demand for a better quality of life, no that of which you have now. In our present situation, we are also experiencing a certain liberty. Liberty now is expressed as freedom – freedom to do whatever you want, depending on your rights as a human being, provided that you don’t step on the rights of other people. Liberty now has different forms, depending on the person addressing it. It could include the way you dress, the way you speak, how you look, your choice of religion, and so much more. It is a clear manifestation that what was being fought for before was now achieved, yet liberty is still being used, but in a different context. Liberty now express freedom of the person, or even a institution, like for example, the journalists are free to write about topics which they deem essential for the people to hear or see, which is simply the freedom of the press. Liberty means exercising these things to the fullest, and not doing so means you are being treated unfairly. Prostitution as the Oldest Occupation The emergence of prostitution could be traced back in the 1800’s in the Victorian Era, at the time of strict morality and repulsion of anything that deviates from social norm. It generally elicited a negative impression from the people, condemning the act of using one’s body to earn a living. The people which are most affected by this negative outlook are the women involved in prostitution. They are looked down as man-sucking vampires, seducing them with their bodies in order to earn money (Ruggiero). But in reality, these women maybe the ones oppressed the ones who are victimized by the harsh conditions of the society especially in the Victorian Era. Their turn on prostitution may be the outcome of man’s desire to keep the women oppressed: a manifestation of women being marginalized and discriminated. Women before were considered to be inferior to men, usually seen as dependent on their male counterparts. Sex has been a way to satisfy these men, and that is one of the very few uses of women at that time. Thus, when there is a time of great need, the women would often resort to selling their bodies to the males who are very willing to pay for their services. This opens the opportunity for sex as an income-generating medium for these women. Economic poverty has been one of the main factors that drive a woman to prostitution. This happens when they were at the edge, burdened by the problem of making the ends meet. Poverty is evident in the society not only today but even in the classical times. People really have to work their bodies out in order to earn money so that they will have food on their plates. A person owning a piece of land and a small vegetable plot is lucky if he’ll be able to feed his family three meals a day. What about those who doesn’t own anything? How will they be able to support themselves if they don’t have a source of income to be able to buy the foods for their everyday life? Will they choose to live a life of a thief and be contended with taking away what they don’t own? But considering that their body could be used in order to earn money, would they still resort to a life of crime? These questions are the ones at play when we talk about justifying prostitution as a profession, a career where you earn a living. Morality and Prostitution There are two opposing ideas when it comes to the concept of morality. The first can be classified as the moralist perspective, when the society associates shame and disgust with this act. They consider the fundamental ideas of a society, wherein sex is should be between two persons that are married, and that it should elicit a feeling of love. Another point of view is the libertarian, wherein prostitution is not associated with morality. It is considered as a willing buyer-willing seller interaction, wherein there I something between two people, and they both consent to it. It is a crime without a victim, if ever the law criminalizes it. Obligations and Prostitution People have the obligation to guard the people’s safety and welfare. This means that they are concerned with the wellness of every member of the society that’s why they wouldn’t permit anything that could be negative be associated with the people and the society. They are held accountable for any of the acts that could be very detrimental to the society, and some would say that these factors include prostitution. That is why there are those who would rather suppress prostitution than permit it, even though there are other issues with the people, like poverty and illiteracy. The people’s obligation is to watch the safety and well being of the society that is why prostitution should be removed. But this takes into consideration the wellness of those who rely solely in prostitution in order to support their lives. If we take away or criminalize prostitution, what would just happen to those who are relying on what they earn in order to live, or even to support a large family. Consequences Prostitution entails a great deal of consequences, starting with the people who are involved with this concern and also their family. Prostitution delineates the person from others as something â€Å"dirty,† or sinful at that. Because of this, a person’s (especially women’s) way of life can be affected. The people may have a different outlook when they came to know you better, but that is not readily accepted by the society. Homosexuality The word homosexual is used to describe the sexual orientation of men and women who find their primary emotional and sexual fulfillment with people of the same sex (Davies Janosik, 1991). Homosexuality is only an aspect of personality, as is heterosexuality. According to Davies Janosik (1991), identifying people solely by their choice of sex partners tends to belittle them; it conveys the impression that homosexuals’ only interest is in sex. They added that other aspects of an individual’s personality tend to be ignored when sexual labels are applied, so such labels should be used carefully and with the understanding that the only basic difference between heterosexual and homosexual is in their preference of sexual partners. According to Davies Janosik (1991), â€Å"our culture’s negative attitude toward homosexuality has been strongly influenced by religious teachings that hold homosexuality to be sinful and by psychoanalytical theory, which has traditionally held that homosexuality is an emotional disorder caused by psychosexual development†. Most of the people have their own religions and because of this almost everyone views homosexuality as negative and is linked to committing a sin. As Davies Janosik quoted, â€Å"homosexuality can be attributed to an unresolved masochistic attachment to the pre-oedipal mother, a distant relationship with the father, a defense against castration anxiety, or immature ego. The Origins of Sexual Orientation Diversity According to Money et. al (2005), one of the prevailing questions raised regarding sexual orientation centers on its origin or cause; questions about the causes of sexual orientation are typically concerned with the origins of homosexuality and bisexuality. Because heterosexuality is considered normative and natural causes of heterosexuality are rarely considered. Much of the biomedical and psychological research on sexual orientation attempts to identify one or more causes of sexual orientation diversity. The driving question behind this research is, is sexual orientation inborn? Or is it learned or acquired from environmental influences? While a number of factors have been correlated with sexual orientation, including genetic factors, gender role behavior in childhood, and fraternal birth order, there is no single theory that can explain diversity in sexual orientation (qtd.in Money et. al, 2005). Reference: Ruggiero, Vincent. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. Sixth Edition ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2003. Blasius, M. Phelan, S. A. (1997). We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York: Routledge. Davies, J. L. Janosik, E. H. (1991). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing: A Caring Approach. New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Glesne, D. N. (2005). Understanding Homosexuality: Perspective for the Living Church. New York: Kirk House Publishers. Koertge, N. (1981). The Nature and Causes of Homosexuality: A Philosophic and Scientific Inquiry. New York: Haworth Press. Money, L. A. , Knox, D. Schacht, C. (2005). Understanding Social Problems. New York: Thomson Wadsworth. Stewart, C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Issues: A Reference Handbook. New York: ABC CLIO. Winer, J. A. (2006). The Annual of Psychoanalysis: Rethinking Psychoanalysis and Homosexuality V. 30. New York: Routledge. Brayton, Ed. Olson and the Meaning of Liberty. 2006. April 2008. http://positiveliberty. com/2006/07/olson-and-the-meaning-of-liberty. html. Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle. Womens Indian Captivity Narratives. Penguin Group USA, 1998. Giollamoir, Oisin Mac. Liberty. 2005. April 2008. http://struggle. ws/wsm/ws/2005/85/liberty. html. Roberts, Dorothy. Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty: Building a Social Justice Vision of Reproductive Freedom. 2001. April 2008. http://www. othmerinstitute. org/reports/report1. html.

WWI causes Essay -- World War 1 I One

History Term paper What one thing do you think caused WW1? There in fact were many causes of WW1. One of the causes was imperialism. There was jealousy between the countries because some had more colonies then others. The major countries did not trust each other or get along. They were worried about the build up of each others army. Each country had great pride and nationalism. By 1914 all major countries had taken sides against one another and formed alliances. The immediate cause of WW1 was the assignation of the heir to Austria-Hungary’s throne. At the beginning of the war all countries were enthusiastic about it especially Germany. The countries were divided onto sides like so; Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. These countries were the central powers. There were also the allies who consisted of Great Britain and colonies, France and Russia. Others got involved eventually. Each country had their own strategy and their own strengths. For example: Great Britain had the strongest navy and Germany had the strongest military. Their strategies were different too, like Germany’s strategy failed because they under estimated Belgium’s army. The battle took longer then they thought. They originally were supposed to defeat Belgium and France quickly so they could fight Russia on the eastern front. Even though Germany’s war plan failed they still ended up dominating most of the war before the Americans arrived. It ended up to be a naval race of who could build their navy the quickest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Russia first came into the war they were starting to dominate. They were going through a lot of trouble within their own country because they had a huge population and not enough resources because the land was frozen. The idea of the country going to war lit a certain spark and nationalism and pride through out the country. Russia going to war actually made them respect their leader Tsar Nicholas II. It was the first decision the Tsar made that the people agreed with. The first few battles they won and the word spread through out Russia and Europe that Russia’s army was unstoppable. This quickly changed and Russia started to loose everywhere. The Russian army started to get wiped out by the thousands. They were being defeated by Germany and other countries everywhere they went. A feeling of uncertainty grew through out the Russian people wh... ... to blame for the war. They believed the only way they can be safe from Germany is if they strip Germany for their wealth and armed forces. The allies made the Treaty of Versailles which stated: Germany pays thirty three billion to France, Belgium and Great Britain; they loose all colonies, loose land to create Poland and Alsace and Lorraine goes back to France. They are limited to an army of one hundred thousand along with no tanks, no u-boats and no airplanes. Germany is never to make an alliance or union with Austria. The Rhineland is to be a demilitarized zone and the French will take control of coal mines and rich industries of the Saar region.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the war first started all countries were anxious to fight. When the Great War ended in 1918 no one wanted to think or even speak of war again. Millions of people were slaughtered and killed, people lost their friends and families. The war took longer then expected and by the end all countries were tired and worn out, had problems of their own and lost a lot of money and land that was put into the war. The countries agreed never to have a war again. Little did they know this was only the first one.

Dead Man Walking Summary

A DEAD MAN WALKING Matthew Poncelet is sentenced to death for the murder of Walter Delacroix and Hope Percy. He has been closely followed by Sister Helen Prejean who is strongly against capital punishment, and today, we are to follow him for his last day. 15:00: He meets his family for the last time, and he talks with them like nothing has ever happened. They laugh together and talk about everyday things, but they are also looking back on the past. It’s humbling to see a man who will be dead in a few hours talking with his family without showing signs of anger. â€Å"Some people are asking about your funeral †¦ nd I get real angry and I say, He's not dead yet,† he’s mother says. The mood dampens, and you can feel the emptiness in the room. The only sound left to hear is the squeaking from Troy’s shoes. Its 18:45 and the prison guards tell Matthew’s family to leave. They give him he’s possessions which he tells him family to take, except for his boots – he wants’ to die with them. It is hours before he is going to be killed, and he eats his last meal like it didn’t matter. â€Å"I’ve never had shrimps before,† he says, shoveling them down. Moments before his death, he finally shows how he regrets, for the first time.THE LAST WORDS He is lead to the execution chamber by several police guards. â€Å"Dead man walking! † one of them says. They wouldn’t let him wear his boots, and it was clearly humiliating for him to have to walk to his own death in that way. They tie him to the chair, and insert the needle. He tells the parents of his victims that he regrets what he has done. He asks for forgiveness. They watch him with a cold and still face, showing no reactions to his words. And finally, the last words: â€Å"I just wanna say I think killin’ is wrong, no matter who does it, whether it’s me or y’all or your government. †

Chokepoints Definition and Explanation

There are approximately 200 straits (narrow bodies of water connecting two larger bodies of water) or canals around the world but only a handful are known as chokepoints. A chokepoint is a strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic (especially oil). This type of aggression could surely cause an international incident. For centuries, straits such as Gibraltar have been protected by international law as points through which all nations may pass. In 1982 the Law of Sea Conventions further protected the international access for nations to sail through straits and canals and even ensured that these passageways are available as aviation routes for all nations. Gibraltar This strait between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean has the United Kingdoms tiny Gibraltar Colony as well as Spain on the north and Morocco and a small Spanish colony on the south. United States warplanes were forced to fly over the strait (as protected by the 1982 conferences) when attacking Libya in 1986 since France would not allow the U.S. to pass through French airspace. Several times in our planets history, Gibraltar was blocked by geologic activity and water could not flow between the Mediterranean and Atlantic so the Mediterranean dried up. Layers of salt at the bottom of the sea attest to this having occurred. Panama Canal Completed in 1914, the 50-mile long Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, reducing the length of the journey between the east and west coasts of the United States by 8000 nautical miles. About 12,000 ships pass through the Central American canal each year. The United States retains control of the 10-mile wide Canal Zone until the year 2000 when the canal is turned over to the Panamanian government. Strait of Magellan Before the Panama Canal was completed, boats traveling between the U.S. coasts were forced to round the tip of South America. Many travelers risked disease and death by attempting to cross the dangerous isthmus in Central America and catch another boat to their destination to keep from sailing the extra 8000 miles. During the California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century there were many regular trips between the east coast and San Francisco. The Strait of Magellan lies just north of the southern tip of South America and is surrounded by Chile and Argentina. Strait of Malacca Located in the Indian Ocean, this strait is a shortcut for oil tankers traveling between the Middle East and the oil-dependent nations of the Pacific Rim (especially Japan). Tankers pass through this strait bordered by Indonesia and Malaysia. Bosporus and Dardanelles Bottlenecks between the Black Sea (Ukrainian ports) and the Mediterranean Sea, these chokepoints are surrounded by Turkey. The Turkish city of Istanbul is adjacent to the Bosporus in the northeast and the southeast strait is the Dardanelles. Suez Canal The 103 mile long Suez Canal is located entirely within Egypt and it is the only sea route between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. With Middle East tension, the Suez Canal is a prime target for many nations. The canal was completed in 1869 by French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps. The British took control of the canal and Egypt from 1882 until 1922. Egypt nationalized the canal in 1956. During the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel seized control of the Sinai Desert directly east of the canal but relinquished control in exchange for peace. Strait of Hormuz This chokepoint became a household term during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The Strait of Hormuz is another critical point in the lifeline flow of oil from the Persian Gulf area. This strait is closely monitored by the U.S. military and its allies. The strait connects the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea (part of the Indian Ocean) and is surrounded by Iran, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Bab el Mandeb Located between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, the Bab el Mandeb is a bottleneck for sea traffic between the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. It is surrounded by Yemen, Djibouti, and Eritrea.