English Language And Global Identity English Language Essay

side of meat Language And Global Identity side Language EssayWith increasing popularity of position actors line as a atomic moment 16 nomenclature it makes it a b on the whole-shaped expression rather than a regional or a subject field terminology. The discipline and practice session of side linguistic process also brings brand- pertly identities along with it. This feces be seen more(prenominal) comprehensively in the past 2 decades as we offer tinct to ball-shaped icons more than before, we bear more global identities now. We bottomland reach to slope music, Hollywood icons, Global Icons, Heroes, Global brands etc.As cryst in allisation (2000) stresses Language as the primary symbol of identity. When 2 approximatelyones of diametrical nationalities or polar origins meet the first thing they bring to corroborateher in the conversation is the routine of a quarrel which connects these two individuals. Hence vocabulary is utilize as the bridge ming led with two unknown persons for parley giving them some type of identity and means to intercommunicate. In upstart familys, incline address has been used as a global intercommunicate manner of telling for communication between variant nationalities hence increasing the impressiveness and see of side of meat delivery.But the question arises if its possible to adopt a clean identity with start losing your original (or first) identity. A number of studies in the field of hearty psychology have shown that immigrants can feel e transactionally attached to the new field with go forth losing their attachment to their homeland (Harris 1980). In opposite dustup, in on the spur of the moment barrier it might be possible to make out a new divergent oral communication in isolation and without adopting new identity (or identities) re new-fangledd to to that linguistic communication or nuance associated with it just now in long term using this linguistic process with a nonher(prenominal)wise citizenry to communicate does bring changes in geniuss learnings of identity and also brings new identities to an individual. harmonise to a dissect by Goffman (1963) the own(prenominal) identity is defined by how others identify us moreoer not how we identify ourselves.Identity, spoken nomenclature and certify run-in learningThe impression of identity is a rather loose one. This is evidenced by the incident that various dictionaries and articles seem to give different and slightly vague definitions. From the occurrence of being who or what a person or thing is (www.wordreference.com) to the bring up or fact of being the same on as exposit (www.dictionary.com), authors seem to struggle when trying to be precise with what elements constitute an identity. For that indicate we offendicularly like a more open (but less vague) line of reasoning that defines an identity as the rope of attributes describing (an aspect of) a person ( Koc h 2002). This set of attributes tend to diverge depending on the specialized literature, and though is debat jibe to(p) whether or not a particular element constitute part of an identity, in that location seems to be a oecumenical agreement and understanding on the impressiveness that a linguistic communication has when giving form or description to a particular identity. It stay ons unclear if it is strictly necessary to be equal speak a actors line (or how deep is the knowledge of that lecture) to form an identity.According to (Love Ansaldo 2010) a inhering speaker is someone born and brought up from giving birth to speak a given run-in. A person is a endemic speaker if he/she is brought up in a family where the p atomic number 18nts or other adults had the same experience with the same language during their upbringing. Hence, if you be a native speaker of a language that particular language is referred to as your overprotect tongue. counterbalance so, these links between language and identity tend to refer to the have it a mode languages and not so much about newly acquired ones. When it comes to second language learning, the effects of this language on the speakers identity depend on the reasons and aim of assimilation of the language.According to the literature on Second Language eruditeness (SLL) (or Second Language Acquisition (SLA)), second language learners (L2) and foreign language learners have as main reasons for learning a second language family, profession, communication, personal interest and by requirements of an breedingal constitution. In addition, the variables age, language and personal engagement play an enormous role on the take of knowledge of a secondary language and to a certain extent to the counselling that it affects our identity (- Piller, -2002). Accordingly, if an individual is learning a language with motivation, that individual gets engaged in the process and perceives that knowledge as a benefit for the future, the level of assimilation of the language and its cultural background entrust have a deeper violation on his/her identity. On the contrary, if the reasons to learn a secondary language are imposed and are deemed as useless, that language will have a very limited impact on the personal identity. internal Perspectives on learning side of meat language as a second languageIndiaIndia is rich in languages. There are 18 major languages spoken in India and over 1600 regional languages. Even though Hindu is the officiallanguage. side of meat has been with India since the early(a) 1600s, when the East India Comp whatever started trading and side missionaries first began their efforts. A large number of Christian naturalizes imparting an English education were set up by the early 1800s. The process of producing English-knowing bilinguals in India began with the Minute of 1835, which officially endorsed T.B. Macaulays goal of forming a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in phone line and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect (quoted in Kachru 1983, p. 22). English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth one C. The rising of the nationalist movement in the twenties brought some anti-English sentiment with it even though the movement itself used English as its sensitive.English is the second major language spoken in India and is used for much of the official business. It is the official language of the judiciary. Many mass prefer to use English as a common language. A large percentage of plenty in India can speak and take English.English is also extensively used in education .The tutor education in the nation is basically divided into two different categories. I.e. primary, secondary. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Secondary consists grade six to tenth. The train education available in three languages raises. One is invoke language format, another in national language format and English format. survival of the fittest depends on students. If choose pass on or National language format in school education, English start at secondary level. bring English it starts from primary level. But graduation and after level it must(prenominal) be chew over in English.English is the most comm just now used language of international commerce, politics, science, diplomacy, and the most commonly used language on the network. English is such(prenominal) a language having an international status and can provide the best medium to interact with outside adult male. India is a pacific plain and wants to spread the same message to all countries of the human being. We have to let off and convince friendly nations our point of view.Present Indian deal with trade business worldwide like parcel, textiles, chemicals, telecommunication hardware, food grains, iron and steel, consumer durable g oods and electronics, Jewelers. To communicate with worldwide clients we require common language. In India is now seen as a major centre for software development. A significant number of international software companies have set up branches in India. English is the main language used in computing and Indian software engineers are proficient in English.My point of view, English is good language for communication to worldwide. A person who knows English is considered kick downstairs educated. Such a person has a postgraduateer social status and may calculate for a better occupancy. At grant, most of students taking English medium at primary level, but they are not strikeing state language and National language. English has changed Indian languages in some(prenominal) ways mostly through the incorporation of new words. I would simply go to sleep to see all schools make English medium schools that teach the commence tongue as a compulsory second language.PakistanThe British rule the Indian subcontinent (comprising of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.) for roughly two hundred years from 1756 1947. After the independence, the two newly formed countries inherited quite a few things from British Rule i.e. Army Structure, Train System, Governing Models, English Language, polished work etc. Pakistan adopted some of these things and one such thing is English Language. The country has two official languages Urdu and English. Though Urdu is also the national language of the country but it is English language which is substantially used in official communication at the Government level (also in Judiciary, the legislative personate, and Civil Services etc.) The countrys formation and its laws are written in English and the Legislature (National Assembly or/and The Senate) uses English language for amending existing laws or introducing any new laws.English is also extensively used in education. The school education in the country is basically divided into t hree different categories i.e. Primary, Middle, and richlyschool. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Middle from grades six to eight-spot and High school consists of Grades nine and ten. The English language is compulsory at all three levels which mean that every student has to take an English language phone line for at least first ten years of his or her education. The education system particularly in bountiful cities is English establish and every course is taught in English except Urdu Language course of course. The country also has another education system which runs in reduplicate to the Public education and often termed as backstage Education (or Private Schools). Its education, curriculum and examination are mostly based on Cambridge outside(a) Examinations. The percentage of students going through this system is far less than the other system because of several reasons. But the general perception in the country about English language and Private education is th ought to be Elite.English is also been used in businesses and corporations quite broadly. The private organizations especially multi nationals run their free-and-easy business based on English language. The products and function available for a consumer often give offers, ingredients, help in twain English and Urdu. The mode of communication in offices at these workplaces is English. The policies, mission, vision, code of channelise etc developed by these organizations is often in English. intimately of the times job interviews are conducted in English language and the candidates moderate over English language is one of the main instruments being considered during the hiring process.When we look at the frolic industry of the country we start out English very common at that place too. Cinemas show most of the newly released Hollywood movies and at that place is a big following of these movies most of these cinema-goers are students, youth, middle class young families, on the job(p)s class in private sectors etc. New generation authors overture up with amazing pieces of art in English language Mohsin Hamid is one fine example with his The Reluctant Fundamentalist winning several awards including Anisfield -Wolf news Award. The newly drived English theatre industry has been growing pretty unbendable especially in the big cities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Multan etc. The cable T.V and profit has also played their part in this whole phenomenon. There are few English based local anesthetic anaesthetic T.V channels and so legion(predicate) an(prenominal) other channels air English programs on regular basis. Most of the youth are addicted to English (could be the Statesn, British, Australian By English I mean based on English language) T.V shows, movie channels, music etc.In our view, this growing regularise of English language in Pakistani culture and identity has fruitful consequences as it makes the wad learn and speak another language , be communicative with the outside world especially to remove wrong perceptions about the country and people of Pakistan and promote the positive aspects of the country. But this phenomenon also brings some tricky issues like diminish use of Urdu language perceptions about Urdu being language of poor and working class. We cannot deny the growing importance of English language especially in the last decade or so making it a global language but for Pakistan and its people presence of English language in different facets of life is a very positive sign as long as there is a healthy balance between the two official languages of the country.BangladeshFrom the judgeship point of view Bangla is the national- official language of Bangladesh and English is the most important foreign language. But in verity English is the second language of the country and in more a(prenominal) places English is more important than Bangla in Bangladesh.Constitution About the language of the country the Bangladeshi constitution all the way states The state language of the Republic is Bangla.In the constitution nothing is mentioned about the status of English. English is not mentioned as a second language or official language. But many important government documents are written both in Bangla and English. The sevens proceedings are kept into these two languages. When a government body organizes a fair then often the souvenir is published in English.English in Law court in Bangladesh After license the government took the initiative to implement Bangla language in law court. As a effect, now the lower courts carry out their activities in Bangla but English is yet very influential in High homage and Supreme homage. If a lawyer wants to practice in Supreme Court then he must have a good command over English language. Many of the judges still give their verdicts in English language. It seems that this trend of using English will remain for the forcible future.English in Education sector in Bangladesh Formal and institutionalised education system started in Bangladesh during the British rule. At that time Bangladesh was part of British India. There was a debate about the medium of education. rajah Rammohan Roy argued that the medium should be English rather than Sanskrit or Persian. During the British distributor point the medium of education was largely in English. Calcutta University took an initiative in 1935 to throw in Bangla as a medium of education along with English. In Bangladesh the use of Bangla in college level started in the 1960s. Now students can answer in the examinations in Bangla or English. In the college level and university level after 1971 the government tried to patronize Bangla and implement it by replacing English in the education sector. In our general education system English has equal if not more importance than Bangla. In our education system English is really the Second language as all the students have to study it as a compu lsory subject for twelve years.English and tribunal During the language movement the people of Bangladesh were afraid that if Urdu was established as the State Language of Pakistan then all the government activities will be carried out in Urdu and our people will suffer. As a result of the language movement, the Pakistani Regime kept on carrying out government activities in English language. After Bangladesh became independent the government of Awami League decided to supersede English with Bangla in administrative works but after the last of Sheikh Mujib this process came to a halt and English continued to remain as the dominant language. It was during the rule of Ershad Bangla Procholon Aeen of 1987 was created and implemented. From that time English started to lose its entailment in administration. However, it has to be mentioned that all the international communication of Bangladesh government is carried out through English.English in Economic activities The economy of Bang ladesh is dependent on foreign aids and export of some common items like readymade garments, jute, tea, look for etc and also we import a lot of things. Bangladesh is not self fitted stintingally. Trading is more popular than production. Trading requires constant communication with foreign companies. Many of the companies who are involved in trading have to use English in dealing with foreigners. So it is clear that English is the dominant language in our economic activities.Comparison of English foreign languages like French, German, and Farsi French and German have become very popular for economic reasons in our country. Learning these languages help us to increase our possibility to get a UN job. Learning French is also helpful for getting in-migration to Canada. Also there are good facilities to learn these languages in capital of Bangladesh University, Alliance Francaise, and Goethe Institute. Recently, the English Institute of North South University has introduced French cou rse. On the other hand during the Muslim reign Farsi was the language of the Royal administration and law court in Bangladesh. At present, a student can attend Farsi course for one semester by just paying tk. 250 in Iran Cultural Center but there are not many students who are interested to learn Farsi, French, and German. On the other hand, hundreds of students each year appear for TOEFL and IELTS exams in English language.From the discussion so far there is no doubt that English is the second language of Bangladesh but this public is not reflected in our constitution. Officially Bangladesh is not known as an ESL country to the outside world. So Bangladesh should be declared as an ESL country by the government without any delay. We learn English not because we like Shakespeare or Dickens. We learn English from out of every day necessity.gold coastThe Ghana perspective on language culture and identity.Several reasons account for the Ghanian attitude towards the English Language and why English is learnt, widely spoken and thought in Schools in Ghana. Paramount among these factors is the multilingual nature of the Ghanese populace and the vis a vis this has posed to national development.Ghana like many African countries is characterized by people with different ethnic back pace and for that matter different language. There are over 60 languages spoken by over 18 million people in Ghana (National Population number of 2000), which connotes that at least one distinct language is spoken by every 300,000 people on average. The multilingualism nature of the Ghanaian population has come with several challenges with regards to defining a Ghanaian Identity and what makes a person a Ghanaian. Historically, the multilingualism had transpired as a result of various ethnic migrations from different empires on the African continent who settled in Ghana in the early 1200 AD. As a result of the ethnic differences there had been appointment over which ethnic origin dominate s and has appropriate ownership to various lands and regions in Ghana.The charm of the multilingualism in Ghana on national development and national identity has created several debates and efforts from a section of Ghanaians at achieving and selecting one local language to be adopted as a national language for official communications in businesses, governmental proceedings, School administration, teaching and learning as well as for inter ethnic trade communications. However these efforts have been gravely thwarted by the Ghanaian perception of local languages and the influence of the English language as inherited from the Colonial masters.The premier(a) constitution of Ghana known as The Gold Coast constitution made specific prerequisites for Elected Members of the legislative assembly to be able to speak and read the English language with a degree of attainment sufficient to enable them to participate in proceedings of the assembly since such proceedings were totally conducted in English. However the 1992 version of the constitution has dropped this requirement. This clearly demonstrates the extent of prestige and significance that the Ghanaian community placed on the usage of the English language for official proceedings.Formal Education began with the influence of the europiuman merchants and the Christian missionaries who invaded the then gold coast in the early 15th cytosine. Missionaries started building schools and educational centers and used them as prepare grounds for their converts. During such trainings emphasis were laid on the learning of the English language than any local language at the time. As a result by the 1890s English was the sole language used for training in schools in the (McWilliam and Kwamena-Poh 1975) The British compound rule of over a century (1821-1957), led to the establishment of English as the most esteemed and the only official language of the country, a privileged position that the colonial language has retained a fter independence as well, till the present day.The English Language is today employed in goggle box and receiving set broadcasts, news papers, magazines, book publications, legal proceedings and documentation, and all forms of official proceedings.The shady prestige enjoyed by the English language is clearly evinced in the wordsof this Ghanaian journalist, who claims that English enjoys great prestige in the country as it is seen as a language of tycoon and security. Competence in English gives one the power to exercise authority t is a tonality to ones advancement in society. It enhances ones chances of getting a good job. A person who wants to feel secure learns English as it is one of the requirements for employment in many areas. (Saah, 1986 370)6SwedenFor people growing up in Sweden, English is plan from the 4th grade until the second year of high school. This means that Swedes study English from the age of ten until seventeen. It adds up to a total of eight years of l earning in the English language. In addition to this many students also have the option to learn a third language for 5 years, from 7th grade to second year in high school. Learning two languages besides the mother tongue is the normal scenario for Swedish academics. The third language is most often German, French or Spanish although lately Italian has been introduced as a choice of third language as well. While the rigorous English education is mandatory in Swedish schools, it should be stated that the third language is optional.Little reflectiveness is needed in order to understand the importance of a second language among Swedes. There are approximately nine million people life sentence in Sweden and Swedish is not spoken to any greater extent in other countries. Due to this it is easy to see how the people in Sweden could benefit from speaking another language in order to communicate outside their national boundaries. The choice of English as a secondary language in Sweden is linked to the size of the language and its influence on the developing countries in a historical perspective. Even though it is clear that size alone was not a single deciding factor when establishing a second language for Sweden, it is obvious how it has been of importance. The mandarin orange language has more than twice the speakers and Spanish is also spoken by more people than English. Further, Hindi and Arabic are just slightly littler languages than English as it is the native tongue for large populations over the globe. However, even though these languages are larger or in the same size as English they have not been that useful to the Swedes. This has to do with the general development level of the societies where these languages are predominant. Take mandarin for instance, as chinaware for a long time has been less developed than Europe and America the opportunities to do business with the country has been insignificant compared to the ones presented by countries within Europe and the US. The historical connection to America is also part of the explanation to why English is widely spoken among Swedes. In the ninetieth and twentieth century there was an extensive emigration from Europe to America. Due to harsh living conditions in the Scandinavian region during the time, more than 1,3 million Swedes packed their property on boats in order to sail over the north Atlantic ocean. Stories passed on from emigrants to their relatives left in Sweden led to a common perception of America as the prosperous land in the west among Swedish inhabitants. This affected the general attitude towards the English language and gave people incentives to learn English in order to pursue happiness on the other side of the sea. This is an important event that laid the foundation for the English language in Sweden. Besides this capital Britain was an early developed nation as it was one of the first to become industrialized during the ninetieth century, an event that had big impact on English in Sweden.In Sweden, comprehensive education is not the only driving force that has developed the English speaking skills among the population. Different media has also contributed in a great sense. As motion pictures from abroad (read Hollywood) seldom, with the exception of childrens movies, are dubbed, the Swedish audience is confronted with the English language each time they amuse themselves with a good film. Swedish television also shows a large number of English speaking shows and series. In fact most of the popular programs are from America or Great Britain. In Sweden all young people are familiar with Jay Leno, Dr. Phil, give Gear and the various HBO productions such as Entourage, Sopranos and True Blood. When aired these broadcasts are never dubbed, instead Swedish text is provided in order to assist understanding. In addition to television and movies, other media such as music, games and the Internet predominately use the English language. The str eam development is a self fulfilling prophecy. As more and more media is produced with English as the main language, users of this media adapt and become comfortable with using the language as a natural way of communicating. This is something that has formed the younger generations growing up in Sweden as they are confronted with the English language to a large extent in their daily lives when watching films, playing video games, browsing the Internet or listen to music. To verify the accuracy of the statements above one only has to go two generations back in time. Most grandparents in Sweden do not speak that good English and parents are not as fluent as the generation currently graduating. Similar it seems reasonable to believe that future kids and their grandchildren will be fluent in English, meaning they will be provide with two native languages.SpainSpain, on the contrary, has the second language with more native speakers in the world divided into 44 countries. Spanish cultu re, language and religion, historically and forcefully spread into many countries, ensure that Spanish is not peril and still allow Spaniards to communicate with a large part of the global population.In addition to that, a simple look into Spains recent report shows that after Spanish Civil war (1936-1939), the country fell into an almost 40-year dictatorship that ruled the country into a complete autocracy. For the first fractional of the dictatorship, Spain relied only on its own resources and remained closed to most of international relations.In the mid 60s due to a dire situation of Spain economics, the country was forced to open, allowing certain imports while exporting work force to Germany and France. Due to the importance and closeness of France, French started being taught in schools, even though it was ordinarily aught for few years due to the short period of schooling that Spains population were used to.It wasnt until a few years after the counter of democracy (1978 ) when the importance of English became obvious and the public school system started adding the teaching of English in public schools. However, the impact of English culture and language was so low, that the efforts to learn the language properly were never high resulting on a rather poor knowledge of the language in the general population.As in most countries that werent colonized by the British, the main sources of American/English culture into Spain were movies and series, however, differently from most countries those popular inputs were dubbed into Spanish, so the language (and especially the phonetics) have kept Englishs impact in the Spanish population to an almost absolute 0.Parents that wanted their kids to develop a better level of English would have to opt for specialized language academies, or participating in exchange programs or trips to native speaking countries. It wasnt until the late 90s, with the massive feast of the Internet that English finally started made its impact on young Spanish population, however, English still remains as a good asset to find a job and some entertainment, but from apart from that, theres no general appeal for Spaniards to gain a high level in English use. The language is learned because it is a great tool to communicate with international people as they key for global communication, generally detached of the American/British cultural factor that surround the language, concentrating on its usability and potential audience formed by multicultural people.English and the sense of a Global IdentityWhen it comes to specific L2, we find that the English Language has become the most important one by large in terms of geographical distribution of speakers. Though English is only the third language when it comes to native speakers (350 million against Spanish (358 million) and Mandarin (800 million)) (Ethnologue, 2009), if we add second-language speakers and those who learn the language as a foreign language, English, with 900 million speakers, rises to the second position only topped by Mandarin with 1151. However, since only 18% of the Mandarin speakers are non-Chinese speakers and 62% of the English speakers are not native-speakers (L2), and its spoken in more than 123 countries in the world, we can draw the terminus that English has become the current de facto language of the world. Actually, English has become the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation (Ding Saunders 2006). A lingua franca, in the beginning Italian for Frankish language, is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons mother tongues (Wikipedia ). Hence, a lingua franca can be thought of as something as a bridge language between different nationalities.However it is not the purpose of this paper to study the historical reasons that have lead to the current situation.Due to the falling power and cultural influence of China in East Asia any aspiring Chinese businessman will learn English as it is already well established as the international business language (Ku Zussman 2010). As such English is incontestably the global lingua franca of the current era of globalisation (Ding Saunders 2006). The reasons are various and originate from the colonialism of the British Empire to the standardization and spreading of American entertainment and IT industry.The IT revolution with new means for communication, emerging world markets, outsourcing of production to other countries, and common currencies such as the Euro are all contributing to the globalization of the world (Kilbourne 2002). If the industrialization characterized the 18th and 19th century of the western world, globalization is the trait of today. As such it marks a major turning point in human history as large parts of our daily life are affected to some extent. Activities such as reading the mor ning news in the mole street journal, taking your Asian ec

Role Of Mathematical Programming

case Of Mathematical ProgrammingIntroductionIn mark to survive and draw todays highly competitive and demand driven market, there is a great(p) deal of pressure on management to make economical decisions. unrivaled of the essential managerial skills is the ability to all in allocate and utilize resources appropriately in the lying-ins of achieving the optimum performance efficiently. Mathematical positions have long played an grave role in management and economics but it is only in the last few decades that management per se has received the sort of plastered study that permits the application of mathematics. It is one of the primary tools apply by operations researchers in do decisions.Mathematical programMathematical computer programing is the OR technique that has been most widely applied in management and economics. It has been using upd to solve a considerable range of problems in financial markets forming portfolios of equities, bonds, loans and currencies, ext rapolate hedging, capital budgeting, cash management, insurance management, equity and bond index tracking, estimating the implied endangerment neutral probabilities for options, designing leveraged leases, computing the maximum loss sustained by shargonholders, spotting insolvent banks, sorting out the failure of a contain exchange and understanding the forces leading to financial innovations. It deals with examples comprising of an objective manoeuver and a set of constraints.An objective function is a mathematical expression of the metre to be maximized or minimized. For example, manufacturers whitethorn wish to maximize production or minimize costs, advertisers may wish to maximize a products exposure, and financial analysts may wish to maximize rate of return.Constraints atomic number 18 mathematical expressions of restrictions that argon set(p) on potential values of the objective function. For example, production may be constrained by the total amount of labor at base ball mitt and machine production capacity, an advertiser may be constrained by an advertising budget, and an investment portfolio may be restricted by the allowable risk.Symbolically, mathematical standards in operations research may be viewed chiefly as determining the values of the decision variables which willOptimize cognitive content toThe function is the objective function while represents the constraint, whereis constant. The constraintsare the non-negativity constraints. In worldwide, optimisation of the objective function signifies either amaximization or minimizationof this function.The types of the objective and constraint functions of a mathematical mystify depend directly on the systems which they represent. Thus, these functions may be analogue or non- additive. Also the decision variables may be continuous or distinct and the parameters of the system may be deterministic or probabilistic.The result of this novelty in system representation is the organic evolut ion of a corresponding turn of events of optimization techniques suitable for solving these models. These mainly include linear programming, whole number programming, stopping point programming, non-linear programming, dynamic programming, and stochastic programming. The Mathematical Programming Approach thither is an orderly sequence of steps that is followed for a systematic formulation, resolving power and carrying out of a mathematical programming model. These steps could be applied to the development of any management science model.Although the practical applications of mathematical programming grasp a broad range of problems, it is possible to distinguish five general stages that the solution of any mathematical programming should follow. These stages along with their main characteristics are as follows A. Formulating the ModelThe first step to be taken in a practical application is the development of the model. The following are the elements that touch on the model st ructure choice of a time horizonSelection of decision variables and parameters Definition of constraints Selection of the objective functionB. Gathering the entropyAfter defining the model, the data requisite to define the parameters of the model essential be collected. This involves the data regarding the objective function coefficients, the constraint coefficients and the right consider side of the constraints.C. Obtaining an Optimal SolutionDue to the lengthy nature of calculations required to obtain the optimal solution of a mathematical programming model, a digital computer is invariably used in this stage of model implementation. Nowadays, all the computer manufacturers offer highly efficient codes to solve mathematical programming models. D. Applying Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity analysis, also called post-optimum analysis, is performed on the optimal solutions obtained for the linear programming problems originally formulated. This analysis is important for several(pr enominal) reasons data uncertainity Dynamic considerations Input errorsE. Testing and Implementing the SolutionOnce the optimal solution is obtained, it should be tested fully to ensure that the model clearly represents the original situation. The importance of conducting sensitivity analysis as part of this testing effort has already been discussed. If the solution is unacceptable, new refinements have to be incorporated in the model and new solutions obtained until the mathematical programming model is adequate. When the testing is over, the model behind be implemented. Implementation usually means solving the model with real data to reach a decision or a set of decisions. Types of Mathematical ProgrammingA. analog programminganalogue programming is one of the most successful disciplines within the field of Operational Research. It arose as a mathematical model developed during the second world state of war to plan expenditures and returns in order to reduce costs to the ar my and development losses to the enemy. It was kept secret until 1947. Post war, many industries found its use in their daily planning. Linear programming is a technique for making decisions under certainity i.e. when all the courses of options available to an organization are known in advance and the objective of the firm along with its constraints are quantified. Out of all the possible alternative that course of action is chosen that which yields the optimal results.Mathematically, linear programming problem calls for finding non-negativeso as to maximize a linear function yield to a system of linear equations in that location are devil generations of Linear programming which are as follows a) integer Linear programming The Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is an extension of Linear programming where all of the variables essential only take on integer values.b) Mixed Integer Linear ProgrammingThe Mixed integer Linear Programming (MILP) is also an extension of the Linear pro gramming, but some of the variables must take on integer values while others take on real values. B. Quadratic programming Quadratic Programming is a special type of mathematical optimization problem. It is the problem of optimizing (minimizing or maximizing) a quadratic function of several variables subject to linear constraints on these variables.C. Goal PrgrammingGoal Programming is promulgated as an aid for decision-making problems with multiple, possibly conflicting goals. In a typical goal programming model, each goal is formulated as a constraint. There are two variables associated with each goal (each constraint), over-achievement deviation and under-achievement deviation. The value of these two deviational variables measure how well the corresponding goal is strikeed. An objective function in a goal programming formulation is usually a linear function in deviational variables. Specifically, the objective function takes the weighted summation of the deviational variables. T he weights delegate to a deviational variable indicate the importance of the corresponding goal in decision-making process. The objective is thus to minimize the weighted sum of deviations from goal achievement, i.e., to accomplish the best overall achievement.D. Dynamic ProgrammingDynamic Programming is a mathematical programming technique which fragments a large problem into several smaller problems. The approach is to solve the all the smaller, easier problems individually in order to reach a solution to the original problem. This technique is useful for making decisions that consist of several steps, each of which also requires a decision. In addition, it is expect that the smaller problems are not independent of one another habituated they contribute to the larger question.E. Stochastic ProgrammingMany optimization problems are described by uncertain parameters. When these uncertain parameters can be considered as random variables and have known probability distributions, new optimization problems can be formulated that involve expected values of these random variables. In this manner, a new problem (called the deterministic equivalent) is obtained that removes the uncertainty and results in a deterministic optimization problem. This is the approach of Stochastic Programming.Application areas of Mathematical castThe applications of mathematical modeling in management and economics today are so manifold that it is difficult to list them down. A few of the major application areas of mathematical models are as follows

Empowerment Of Pakistani Women

Empowerment Of Pakistani WomenA Woman forges a key piece in the maturity of a nation. The Pakistani traditions is one of a shape where in one segment the position of women is considered as the center of soul, conception and look part on the opposite edge considers them no much than second-rate citizens. She foregathers four important offices during her tone- m i.e. as a mother, wife, sister and daughter, nevertheless today she is facing lots of tribulations inside(a) the home as vigorous outside. There ar some(prenominal) forms of hostilities i.e. physical, sexual, psychological etc. that costs the life of a woman her dignity, confidence and personality. Although we be living in an Muslim partnership, where Islam provides a comprehensive frame workplace about the rights and duties of women, yet overdue to illiteracy, people of our society argon oblivious to religious conviction and they note their own customs and traditions not accordance with Islam, so discrimi nation against women is fork out in our society.Today women increment is the most important component of genial welf ar programmes in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa in public welkin as s hearty up in private sector. They ar in operational for the authority of women in District Dir subvert like other backward areas of the nation, to accomplish their arrogant and basic needs, providing them a decorous life in their society, and overly bestowing opportunities for their high-octane contribution in nation-building activities.In this research paper an attempt has been do to emphasize the real status of women in district Dir lour of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa and the role of public sector as well as private sector in their empowerment.Objectives of the ResearchTo make just about contributions to my native land Dir debaseTo get along about the major socio-economic hindrance in the empowerment of women in Dir moveTo identify the various socio-cultural obstacles in the empowerment of women in Dir LowerTo know about the misinterpretation of religion, which adversely effects the empowerment of women in Dir LowerTo evaluate the role of government in the empowerment of women in Dir LowerTo evaluate the role of NGOs in the empowerment of women in Dir LowerHypothesis1. socio-cultural constrains confound finale relation with the empowerment of women in Dir Lower.2. development can play vital role in the empowerment of women in Dir Lower.3. Economic empowerment of women is essential for their overall empowerment.Significance of the Research trainingThe proposed work is an attempt to belowstand and explore the actual status of the empowerment of women in Dir Lower. Although women in large way out are exercising their rights and duties inwardly the fold of Islam in Dir Lower, yet some segments of our society are misinterpreting their status here. On the other side most of the religious segment and some of the moderators in our society are against the NGOs activities for th e empowerment of women by considering them a Hesperian ag block upa. Keeping in view of this troublesome situation link to the activities of social welfare services in Dir Lower and community response towards them, their work is not so fruitful and ultimately their developmental role is affected. It is judge that after the completion of this research work people will know about the real status of women and the ratio of empower women as well as the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in this direction. It will to a fault champion to find out that how the status of women here can be better actually.Review of literatureSociety is comprised of men and women and both have real important role in a successful life as well in the development of a nation, although both are opposite biologically and socially from each other, but throughout the history women have been denied in either sphere of life. The vast mass of the worlds poor are women, two third of the world illiterate are fe manlike and the majority of poor health are also women. On the other mickle the role of women in the development of a nation cannot be ignored. Studies orient that when women are supported and empowered, all of society benefits, their families are healthier, more children go to school, agriculture productivity improves and income increases. In short, communities become stronger. The hunger project family believes that empowering women is a key change agent to end hunger and poverty. Therefore it is the emerge and most important agenda of all developed countries of the world, to empower their women to play their due role in nation building activities.Before the coming of Islam, women held a real low status in society and were toughened like slaves and chattels. besides in the history of the world, Islam is the first religion which pull in the human status of women and conferred them height, dignity and honour by granting equal rights. Islam also provided e qual opportunities to both men and women for the progress and prosperity of life and minded(p) them immense social and economic rights. Also all the three constitutions promulgated in Pakistan had attempted to proclaim equality of rights for women but tacit in Pakistani society, on one hand women place is the centre of help oneself and life but on the other hand considering them no more than a substitute(prenominal) citizens. The reason is that our people are unaware and they go after their own customs and norms by neglecting the religion and the law.Pakistan is the world sixth largest realm by population, approximately 177.28 million with the sex ratio as 1.07 male per female. This clearly conveys the message that almost half of the countrys population is comprised of women kin group. Despite of such(prenominal) large proportion of women population, Pakistan, establish on the gender empowerment round is ranked as 99 amongst 109 countries of the world. The total population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 17.75 million. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is pre predominately set-aside(p) by Pakhtuns tribe. The social structure of Pakhtuns does not permit free mobility or employment of the women. The government faces numerous problems to safeguard employment opportunities for rapidly change magnitude population with strict social structures. The situation is even worse for the women folk who ultimately live a life of subordination and suppression inside the home. In our society, woman has the rights of academic achievements but at the same time she also has to acquire permission from her male heirs whether to utilize her educational have intercourse for economic independence or not. Our women are not inferior to those in western countries but due to comparative availing basic amenities, which prevent them to play their due role in the national life. Not all Pakistanis women are beaten, sold or mutilated but majority are withal facing imbalance treatment by their male hei rs. If same facilities and opportunities are given to our women as the developed nations have done, they might be equal to contribute in nation-building activities. In this regard the social welfare and women development department can play a significant role with the help of NGOs.There is no uniformity in the status of women in Pakistan because of diversity in our cultures in the present four provinces which are further sub-marked under rural and urban areas. In this regard in khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pukhtoon society has its situation traditional basis and the role of women is also a traditional one. Pukhtoon are very sensitive about the honour and dignity of their women and they considered it their outmost handicraft to protect their women, therefore he guards her name and her reputation with extra care.Dir Lower is one of the backward district of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, which remained backward in all mention i.e., Educationally, Socially, politically and economically due to the do minant force of Nawab of Dir Shah Jahan, since the 6th decade of 20th century. He wanted to keep the people illiterate, in the darkness, unaware and backward to maintain his power. Therefore he was against of any symbol of development in Dir. Before and after the rule of Shah Jahan, education was zero. semi-formal education was started after 1960, but that was limited only to male. Slowly and in stages the rising awareness in people of Dir felt the need and sizeableness of female education, thereby some primary schools were established for girls at the initials. because of scarcity and lack of proper education and guidance, Dir remains backward in every field of life especially, in the empowerment of women and due to their unawareness the life of women were influenced by customary norms. House remained the main center of activities for them however very few women were amend here. The main reason was that they couldnt come out of their houses because of the bulwark of purdah. W omen are not allowed to associate with men in public. Though now-a-days, in big villages, education has changed the social position of women because the male society of Dir became educated and they are providing opportunities to their women to play her due role in the society at heart the fold of Islam. A number of schools and colleges have been opened for females whereby to get education, many of them are now entered into the universities and other several(predicate) institutions for their higher education competing with the dominant male society in every walk of life in every city and province of Pakistan as well abroad.Keeping in view the worst situation stated earlier, the people of Dir Lower established that until and unless a two pronged developmental approach, it would be impossible to realize the long cherished goal of social justice. Therefore educated and able people started working with social welfare departments and started running of Non-Governmental Organizations. The formation subprogram of NGOs started in 1970s in Dir Lower and within 34 historic period 64 NGOs have been registered. Some of these NGOs are fairly diligent while others are not functioning with their maximum potentiality. In these NGOs a number of projects are running for the empowerment of women in Dir Lower by different means i.e. by education, by political means, by vocational skills, by campaign for women rights, by social and economic services, by women welfare, etc. But due to militancy and talibanization in Malakand Division, the developmental activities become stand still and showing no actual progress. At large number their workers were targeted and exist as well as, they are criticized by the local people because they are unaware about their actual role. Besides this the NGOs of Dir Lower are also facing a number of problems to play their due role in the empowerment of women, i.e. lack of experts, lack of guidance, lack of funds, lack of co-ordination and uncoope rative doings of the community etc.The women development department Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa was established as a separate department during 1995-96, attached with the social welfare department and was absorbed to provincial secretariat, having no field staff to look after the women related issues at the grass root level, although it is supposed to keep a close relation with various NGOs discipline and International agencies working in the province for women development.The women development department is also responsible for implementation of the national figure of action for women and Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEADAW). National policy for development and empowerment of women was formulated by the government in order to empower Pakistani women, irrespective of caste, creed, religion or other consideration for realization of their full potential in all spheres of life, especially, economically, socially and politically and in keeping without Islamic way of life.Research methodologyThe proposed work would be descriptive type and will be based on the extensive use of primary and secondary data. Interview document and questionnaire will be the research instruments for the collection of primary data and secondary data will be collected from books, news-papers, thesis and other published and unpublished materials. Dir Lower will be the universe of the research find out and its population will be heterogeneous, consists of male, female, young, old, educated and uneducated etc. suppositious frame workAPA style will be followed in in-text and end note references.Tentative chapterizationIntroductionCh 1 Women status in pukhtoon society particularly in Dir LowerCh 2 the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in the empowerment of women in Dir LowerCh 3 Statistical analyses of primary dataCh 4 Conclusion and Recommendations

Technique Of Montage In Cinema Media Essay

Technique Of collage In Cinema Media EssayI call for selected two assumes to help me to gild the significance of the proficiency of collage in movie. They atomic number 18 David Wark Griffiths stimulate of a nation and Sergei Eisensteins battlewagon Potemkin. I will be using the files of prospect of an ordinary audience as well as a ethnic military historian to examine the impact of collage on our adaptation of the subscribe to cited.What is collage? montage in general parlance is a method of organising and abridgeing the visuals shots whose turned on(p) impact and visual design be achieved d integrity the editing together of many brief shots..montage may puff show up or contract time and space. In other words, it is an editing proficiency that combines or separates frames to construct narrative, sense of continuity and discontinuity and juxtapositions.Classic Examples Bollywood cinema covering a montage sequence where two brothers jump off a train and sudde nly they are seven years older Montage of the m ein truth ratiocination(predicate)-dwellers relaxing and having a fun time in the mall.Threshold of throw In 1920s, montage was ahead of its time. Eisensteins prescience strikes us from the vantage grade of the present, when we are at the cusp of a changeover from analogue modes of k forthwithledge and representation to the the dispersed sensibility of the dital technology. The modern television screen typifies this lean as a site where montage and collage conflate all at once. The attestator is reckoned to, and does, multi-task, taking in several elements and actions simultaneously the talking heads, the intervening visuals, the text scrolls, the flash news, the sensex bar in a corner, the advertisement pop-ups and so on. Unilinear attentiveness and experience of the media are be replaced by a non-linear grasp of the clutter. True, the average mainstream star-strapped cinema, with its iconising impulse, yet uses this digita l possibility very superficially. But already with digital surround sound in cinema theatres, the sound track is an experience of severalness. What montage might do to interpret the conventional rectangular screen we are riveted to and similarly unbundled and disperse our wake experience is a fascinating design.battlewagon Potemkin- An AnalysisHow sound reckon juxtapositions express meaningEisenstein (1898-1948), a graduate of Russia State Film School, has been known as an advocate of Soviet theories of film montage. His montage theory is as well ideologic in some ship canal alike Griffiths but his is to a greater extent than(prenominal) revolutionary in terms of aesthetics and political circumstances (dialectical montage punctuated by Marxism), and his theory aims chiefly at the audience psyche.He argues that film has its greatest impact non by the smooth unrolling of tropes, but by their juxtaposition montage is an idea that arises from the collision of independent sh ots shots even opp cardinalnt to one other.His central concept is the collision of elements, in other words, shots should not be seen as linked, but rather as conflicting with one another. Eisenstein considers montage as a creative film element that is pregnant in creating Dramatic Form Metric Montage Rhythm in the Narrative Rhythmic Montage Metaphor and Analogy- Overtonal Montage Dynamic in building up the films meaning Intellectual MontageThe fourth point is the most big because no outlet they are ideological or anti-ideological tools, films are made to help the audience to produce new perceptions, emotions and cognitions in the mind and to visualise the invisible conflict between the film elements.Battleship Potemkin is a class-conscious revolutionary propaganda, ordered up by the Russian revolutionary leadership for the 20th anniversary of the Potemkin uprising in 1905. The cause was because Lenin believed this film could encourage his people to support and join the pro letariat in overthrowing old order. Despite of its multifarious responsibilities, the film has created an impact as montage being the forms most important film grammar.I will now move on to dialectical montage. Eisenstein projects that we should achieve conflicts in film by using point, counterpoint and fusion. The following are examples of dialectical montage in Battleship PotemkinHow montage stimulates meaning for the viewer Cutting between the Battleships operating surgeon and the maggot-infested meat that the sailors are meant to eat to suggest a contradiction and giddiness of the order (to eat the rotten meat). Cutting between ghostly figures suspension system and clenched fists, fur at that placed by an inter-title Down with the tyrants to legitimise peoples anger. Cutting between the dire faces of the unarmed citizens and the faceless militia in uniform to give a reason for the people against the ruthless czarist state. The numerous cuts in the Odessa move sequence buil d the undivided moments of terror into an unbearable emotional climax. This is a perfect example to demonstrate Eisensteins montage theory in resemblance to the forming of able concepts and associations.How Sound Image juxtapositions produce meaningFirstly, he uses images of bland objects to line up with images of the massacre to create a metaphorical juxtaposition through the dynamic editing of three lion statues, he implies the change of anger and rebellion. The juxtaposition of these two antithetical subjects of images (one of human, the other of symbolizationic image or prop) is a valuable propaganda device because it encourages viewers to deduce for themselves that the symbol describes the character.Secondly, in a fragmentary way, he shows the attacking militia by a line of marching boots advancing down the steps, this is to emphasise the militias inert and oppressive nature. He further melodic lines it with the powerlessness of the revolutionary citizens-victims by wake a legless man who escapes with difficulty from the cold bullets. And as the troops march ahead, a military boot crushes a childs hand. There is as well an old woman who is seen with eyeglasses in her first appearance therefore in the second shot of her, one of the glasses has been pierced by a bullet which signifies her death.Thirdly, there are shots of a incur with a baby carriage. As the mother is shot by the militia and begins to fall, there are cuts to her carriage perched diceyly close to the edge of a step. Interspersed with these respective(prenominal) scenes of cruelty are shots of the fleeing crowd and the approaching line of militia occasionally firing into the crowd. The fear generated by this montage is reinforced as the mother collapses and sends the carriage hurtling out of control down the steps. Eisenstein uses a lot of close-ups of the citizens like the old woman whose glasses are pierced through by bullet, the legless man, the small boy whose hand is t rampled, and his terrified mother to subjoin the emotional impact of the sequence. The average length of each shot in this sequence is about two seconds, giving the audience barely a chance to breathe amongst the chaos. In the above examples we see that montage involves a dialectical process that creates a new third meaning from combine the meanings of two sets of adjacent shots. Although the real 1905 revolution was repressed by the tsaristic regime, Eisenstein does not depict the sailors final downfall, opting instead for an ambiguous, deliberately mythologised ending.The Story of the Montage In the film, the legend goes like this news of the uprising on Potemkin reaches the Russian squadron, which speeds towards Odessa to put it down. The Potemkin and a destroyer, likewise commanded by revolutionaries, steam out to playact them. Again Eisenstein uses montage to cut between the approaching squadron, the brave Potemkin, and details of the onboard preparation, he creates a te nsion for the precarious situation. At the very last moment, the men of the Potemkin signal their comrades in the squadron to join them, after a fewer good minutes of suspension, the Potemkin eventually steams among the oncoming ships without a shot being fired at it the sailors of the rival Russian fleets do not sacrifice fire on the Potemkin, responding humanely to her pleas to join them instead. Amid much cheering from sailors on all ships, the inter-title Brothers appears. The very specific dialectic approach to film form, which Eisenstein is tenanted with, surrounds the idea of art always being conflict its social relegation is to make manifest the contradictions of being. Eisenstein acknowledges that montage is the most suitable for the facial expression of ideological statements the films last sequence I have just gone through in the previous paragraph has demonstrated the brotherhood of man and the solidarity of the working-class. As a reinforcement of the ideology of revolution, Eisensteins ending for the film is directed towards the extempore future, rather than the recreation of the past.Birth of a Nation An Analysis Birth of a Nation is one of the complex subjects in American film history. Apart from the controversial representation of the black race and the ambitious pictorial matter of American history during the period of Civil War and Reconstruction, the cinematic linguistic communication developed by Griffith is influential inwardly the film-making sphere. This language is comprehensive and allows good communication with the audience. One of the essential skills in the language system is the technique of montage. In addition to exploring the potential of flashbacks, eyeline matches and camera distances, his earliest proves in any case showed that individual shots were cinematic phrases that could be edited together into meaningful sequence without a concrete dramatic logic to link them. For instance, by using speedy cutting, the scene in which Lynch attempts to forced marriage to Elsie intersects with three other sequences first, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) speeding to rescue the victim (Elsie) second, the KKK clearing the rest of the unruly blacks out of town third, the KKK approaching to rescue the trapped Cameron family.4. In the above serial publication of shots, audience are watching Elsie under increasingly dangerous clean and sexual threat, at the same location in time, audience sees the splendiferous KKK troops riding to rescue, the tension grows until it gets to a point when the two (sequences of shots) are finally brought together which is the victory of the KKK over Lynch and the other blacks. The emblematical arrangement of shots does not only create a rhythm for the narrative, it also generates a tense juxtaposition that carries the audiences emotion to the next higher power.By using montage, Griffith has established the KKK as the heroes of the drama in all these different scenarios, the KKK mak e every effort to fight for the interest of the whites. It may not be very impressive for audience in todays cultural and intellectual environment, however for the American audience in 1915, the experience was different this scene literally involved them with its convincing images and ideological message. As a matter of fact, many of those who had watched Birth of a Nation were so motivated that they garner to join the rejuvenated KKK. This film is a facsimile, but it is a powerful one that is perceived by many people as true, Carter puts it this way The picture projects one of the most persistent cultural illusions it presents vividly and dramatically the ways in which a whole people have reacted to their history With the sentiency of a cultural historian, we should take a step back from these scenes and esteem the careful direction and choreography of the mass and individual movements. We can also look into Griffiths proficient use of montage which like what I have pointed out, functions ideologically in Birth of a Nation.ConclusionAs I have said, in silent cinema where visual images are the study elements, montage is particularly important. In some(prenominal) Birth of a Nation and Battleship Potemkin, images cutting back and forth, amid the repetitive and rhythmic score cool by keyboard, percussion, half-heard cries, speech and choral, create a rapid rhythm, aggressive and dangerous atmosphere.On a higher level, montage is used to provoke the audiences emotional recognition and go further to stimulate their intellectual reflexivity and perception. Montage is creative and abstract, a cinematic abstraction of reality that is able to explicitly shape events for maximum put in of agitation. Montage can open up new non-narrative avenues in film-making. It still has considerable impact on the cinema, both in an aesthetic or cult manner, like the Wong Kar-wais and Quentin Tarantinos films, and in a political or ideological sense, like Oliver Stones JFK and R Zemeckiss Forrest Gump. Nevertheless, montage is no longer the only channel through which images can be compete around, when film-making nowadays is often partially or largely aided by digital technology, the space for the potential of visuals to expand is indeed unlimited.NOTES ON alterEditing is one of the most important separate of modern television lest modern television would cease to exist.Creation of Topic/StoryThe story is the skeleton of the edit and helps organise the edit into chapters and topics much as in writing.Rhythm and PacingRhythm and pacing are very important within edits because if we are editing a news story then it must be very fast with shots not lasting more than around 3 seconds. If we take the feature film and look at its basic structure then we may be able to edit the project down to around 25 minutes to fit within television schedules. The pacing will be much faster and more information will be given. If it is edited properly then the viewer should have the same feeling seeing a half minute of arc version as for a 1hr 36 minutes version.When watching an action film such as Die Another Day we expect the cutting to be very fast, many shots to show various angles and to melt the action as far as possible to amaze the audience and in parts to contribute a little humour. In contrast if we were to watch Pride and Prejudice we would see far longer shots with a lower variety of shot sizes and elements.Although the definition of montage is editing, the term montage refers to many aspects of cinema. It is often used to suggest artistic editing, or to suggest rapid, stimulating editing. However, montage theory influences a range of filmmaking including imaging, pace and measure of editing and spectator response. The film which demonstrates preeminently the various uses of montage is The Battleship Potemkin . Conversely, montage is often a diverse and personal form of expression and there are many good examples, such as Un Chein Andal ou (1929 Luis Bunuel Salvador Dali) and Citizen Kane (Orson rise 1941).The theory of montage arises from the work of Lev Kuleshov, who established the a + b = c definition of montage. He discovered that a picture followed by another picture produces a thought this phenomenon is often called the Kuleshov effect. Kuleshov conducted a series of experiments, which include showing a picture of a silent, open backtalk followed by a bird flying through the sky, which made people envisage that the mouth was singing. When he showed people the open mouth followed by a picture of food, people thought the mouth was hungry. It was from those experiments that our concept of montage developed. The imagery of the Kuleshov effect is shown below in the montage triangle.The a + b = c definition is useful because the letters can be substituted for other things. For instance, during the Kuleshov effect the spectator is effectively shown two noun-pictures, a picture of an open mouth followed by a fly ing bird. The spectator thought the mouth was singing, which is a verb. When Kuleshov showed the open mouth followed by a plate of bread, people thought the mouth was hungry, which is an adjective. The Kuleshov effect allows us to show pictures of nouns in such a way that people can think of words from different parts of speech, such as a verb or an adjective. It is this type of communication, achieved by montage, which gives cinema so much artistic and intellectual value.