Long Term Incarceration Of Youth - 1909 Words

more likely to successfully transform their behaviors due to rehabilitation. Second, due to the distinction that juvenile crime is often a result of â€Å"unfortunate yet transient immaturity,† a youth offender is deemed to be more likely to reject future involvement in criminal behavior as the youth transitions into adulthood. The realistic possibility that many, if not most youths will grow out of their involvement in illegal activity, points to the reality that long criminal sentences cannot be justified by the need to ensure public safety. In essence, long term incarceration of youth does not often achieve the preventative purposes of criminal justice. In Graham and Miller, SCOTUS emphatically determined that life without the opportunity for parole does not offer youth offenders a semblance of opportunity for reform. In most juveniles, the Court emphasizes, reform will be achieved through rehabilitative efforts coupled with maturity. iii.) Limited Trial Proficiency In both Graham and Miller, SCOTUS stressed the possibility that harsh sentences for youth could be a result of the adolescent’s inability to deal efficiently and effectively upon their detainment. This includes their reduced competence for dealing with the execution of plea agreements, handling the police or demonstrating competent participation in their trials. The concept and discussion of â€Å"developmental incompetence† has become more noticeably relevant to juvenile justice in the past few decades. TheShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIncarceration of Youth The United States leads the world in the incarceration of young people, there are over 100,000 youth placed in jail each year. Locking up youth has shown very little positive impact on reducing crime. Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underliningRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreJuvenile Corrections Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol youth offenders and offenses. Each different goal comes with its own challenges. The goal of deterrence has its limits; because rules and former sanctions, as well anti-criminal modeling and reinforcement are met with young rebellious minds. Traditional counseling and diversion which are integral aspects of community corrections can sometimes be ineffective, and studies have shown that sometimes a natural self intervention can take place as the y outh grows older; resulting in the youth outgrowingRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pageswhile punishment may be unpleasant we need to focus on mental health assessment and services for youth (modelsforchange, n.d.). Most youth who are only punished reoffend because the reason for the initial offence was never addressed. Youth Outreach Services (YOS) focuses on mental health assessment and services for youths because upon identifying mental, emotional or ongoing problems caused by trauma the youth can receive follow-up testing or immediate assistance. The identifying of these problems canRead MorePositive Effects Of Juvenile Offenders1434 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of these youth are held in state-funded, postadjudication, residential facilities, at an average cost of $240.99 per day per youth. Imprisoning youth can have severe detrimental effects on youth, their long-term economic productivity and economic health of communities. Youth who are imprisoned have higher recidivism rates than youth who remain in communities, both due to suspended opportunities for education and a disruption in the process that normally allows many youth to Age-out ofRead MoreJuvenile Crime Has Become More Valuable Members Of Society?938 Words   |  4 Pagespublic has expressed a common desire to reduce the incidence of juvenile crime and find effective legislation to discipline these youths, but there are questions about these methods. What is more effective, incarceration or rehabilitation? Does criminal punishment intimidate more youths away from a life of crime, and would productive rehabilitation efforts influence these youths to becoming more valuable members of society? The National Institute Justice states that juvenile crime rates have fallen overRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth offenders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternatives to incarceration, and how to help them amend their actions and behavior. The history of Juvenile Justice went from incarceration with adults to reform back to incarceration in separate facilities and similar rights as adult offenders. The need for Juvenile Justice came from the needRead MoreLauren Touchet. Cjus301. 17 February 2017. Research Paper/Lit1325 Words   |  6 Pages17 February 2017 Research Paper/Lit Review Part I Since mandatory sentencing began in the mid-1980s, the United States prison system has seen a dramatic upswing in incarceration rates (Glaze Maruschak, 2008, p. 1). â€Å"The United States’ increasingly punitive sentencing philosophy has resulted in an overreliance on incarceration, resulting in an incarcerated population that has soared from approximately 340,000 in the early 1970s to nearly 2.3 million today† (Raeder, 2012). â€Å"Parents held in theRead MoreThe Failure of the War on Drugs Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Drugs in the United States has a profound influence on both the incarceration rates and activities of the criminal justice system. Many politicians and advocates of the policy claim that the War on Drugs is a necessary element to deter criminal behavior and reduce the crime rate. However, studies show that drug deterrent policies on possession and use have been inadequate and unsuccessful (Cole Gertz, 2013). Studies also show that the Wa r on Drugs has not attained its objectives because

Organizational Behaviour Individual Assignment - 5793 Words

STUDENT NAME : TSANWANI R STUDENT NUMBER : 20150274 ASSIGNMENT TITLE : ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR DATE : 05 APRIL 2009 PROGRAMME : ABP/BTECH Contents Page Executive summary 3 Using shaping as a management tool 4-7 Heredity 8-11 Factors that may contribute to differences in patterns of job satisfaction 12-15 Factors that differentiate good decision makers from poor ones 16-19 Bibliography 20-21 Executive summary According to Robbins, Judge, Odendaal and Roodt (2009:7), Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations. It says in†¦show more content†¦The sole criterion which can determine if an item, activity or food is reinforcing is the change in the probability of a behavior after the administration of a potential reinforcer. Other theories may focus on additional factors such as whether the person expected the strategy to work at some point, but a behavioral theory of reinforcement would focus specifically upon the probability of the behavior. Application of shaping Shaping behavior can be applied in many ways. According to (Robbins et al. 2009: 58) there are four ways to shape behavior: through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive reinforcement According to (Behavioral Intervention: 2008), positive reinforcement is a procedure whereby an individual, contingent upon performing a specific behavior, is immediately rewarded to maintain or increase that behavior. Some may ask themselves whether this is not bribery to the individual. No! Most of the time when we hear the word bribery, we think of people being bought off to do something illegal, corrupt, or unethical. Instead, positive reinforcement increases the chances that an individual will do something appropriate that will benefit him in the future. The suggestion here is that you use procedures that encourage, support, and empower individuals to achieve positive outcomes in organizations or in the community. NegativeShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour Individual Assignment5782 Words   |  24 PagesSTUDENT NAME : TSANWANI R STUDENT NUMBER : 20150274 ASSIGNMENT TITLE : ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR DATE : 05 APRIL 2009 PROGRAMME : ABP/BTECH Contents Page Executive summary 3 Using shaping as a management tool 4-7 Heredity 8-11 Factors that may contribute to differences in patterns of job satisfaction 12-15 Factors that differentiate good decision makers from poor ones 16-19 Bibliography 20-21 Executive summary Read MoreOrganizational Structures And Organizational Cultures For Different Organizations Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary The first task of the report of assignment ‘Organization and Behaviour’ deals with the comparison of various different kinds of organizational structures and organizational cultures for different organizations. In addition, the task takes into account the impact of the culture and the structure of organization on the functions and operation of business. However, the various factors which influence the individual performance and behaviour at work is also given emphasis in this part ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour By The Five Dimensions, Antecedents And Their Consequences1648 Words   |  7 PagesSOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY Student Name : Aneesh Rama Student ID No. : 22496283 Unit Name : Organisational Behaviour Unit Code : MNG82001 Assignment No. : 1 Assignment Title : Literature Review Due date : 23rd November 2015 Date submitted : 19th November 2015 Word count : 1472 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules relating to Awards (Rule 3.18) as contained in the University Handbook. I understand the penalties that apply forRead MoreEffectiveness and Efficiency in Benchmarking1266 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT: ONE 1. Discuss the importance of understanding the impact of human behaviour in the development and day to day running of organizations Human behaviour Define human behaviour Give According to McInerney (2008), Human behaviour refers to the range of behaviours exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics. Human behaviour is experienced throughout an individual’sRead MoreEffects of Informal Group in Organizational Performance1403 Words   |  6 PagesINFORMAL GROUPS IN AN ORGANIZATION We know that groups are vital to the understanding of organizational behavior because they are the building blocks of the larger organization. In today’s organization, where productivity and efficiency demand collaboration within and across functional, physical and hierarchical boundaries, collaboration in employee networks has become critical to innovation, and to both individual and company performance. The heavy emphasis on teams and group decision making in today’sRead MoreUnderstand the Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture.1779 Words   |  8 Pagesunit is to give learners an understanding of individual and group behaviour in organisations and to examine current theories and their application in managing behaviour in the workplace. Areas of Learning 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Types of organisation and associated structures, organisational culture, Diagnosing behavioral problems, perception, significance and of individual difference, Individual behaviour at work 2 Understand different approachesRead MoreEssay about Leadership Within Ambulance Services679 Words   |  3 PagesThis assignment will focus on; the NHS organisational cultures and theories, leadership cultures and theories, leadership styles, the effect leadership cultures have upon organisational cultures and will address the requirements for modernisation of the ambulance service. All of which will be supported by relevant literature and research. Since 1930 authors have focused on organizational culture as a system of â€Å"socially transmitted behaviour patterns that serve to relate human communities to theirRead MoreA Review On Organisational Theories1677 Words   |  7 PagesBUS 5113 - Assignment Unit 1 - A review of organisational theories A review of organisational theories Craig Morley University of the People A review of organisational theories 1 In Chapter 2 of the Organizational Theory text we reviewed four theoretical contributions which are central to the understanding of today s Organizations. Offer a brief analysis of all four theoretical concepts and then pick the one you the feel is the most influential from both historical and managerial perspectives. ExplainRead More The Uses of Psychology to People at Work Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of human behavioral patterns can be applied positively in order to get the most out of people and increase productivity at work. This is achieved by reducing factors that interfere with the efficiency of peoples work. This assignment will aim to focus on factors that are ongoing and socially aroused by the interaction between people and their environment, namely: dealing and coping with work stress; lowering the rate of bullying and harassment in the workplace;Read MoreOrganizational Behavior Case Study1819 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION Organizational behaviour identifies the challenges of managing individuals or groups and the need to understand different individual behaviours in consideration to their values, motivation and creativity. This report deals with a case that evaluates the organizational behaviours at Abebooks, a leading online marketing company faced with pressure from different employee issues. it illustrates generational and cultural differences and its impact on individual values. It involves

External Employee Engagement Collaboration â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Integrating Sustainability In Managing IT Projects? Answer: Introduction: This essay report focuses on integrating sustainability development in managing IT projects. Sustainability is an important theme for any industry to survive grow at the global level. Every industry including Information Technology work towards implementing sustainabilitystrategies which helps in social, cultural economic growth of an organization. Industries corporate are putting more effort to integrate sustainability to their business practices from the last decade irrespective of their geographic locations (Petrini, 2010). World has seen phenomenal growth of IT Industry globally over the past few years and IT industry has welcomed sustainability practices with open arms. Sustainable development is not a new concept. Though it has received significant recognition from many industries but still it remains just a theoretical idea for many business executives in todays world. Industries need to integrate sustainable development in strategy planning of their enterprises in order to achieve its real capability. Sustainable development means implementing such business activities and strategies which will help industry its stakeholders to grow economically in parallel of protecting enhancing natural human resources for future. This definition of sustainable development is based on the concept proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 (IISD, 1992). Different business communities groups have different meanings to the term sustainability but to summarize all it is a development that fulfills the needs of the current generation without compromising the potential of future generations to fulfill their own needs. This idea its s trategies are changing over the time responding to the evolving practices of our society industries. Every industry or enterprise can make its efforts to accomplish the concept of sustainability development but the strategies, practices methods varies by the sector size of the industry (Walsh, 2007). Unfortunately, few organizations are more keen toward their economical growth only completely ignore any of their social responsibility whereas many industries give importance to their sustainable development maintain a perfect balance between self interest and their social responsibilities (Mobbs, 2012). Considering broader perspective, it is important in interest of every organization to work in a healthy environment. It provides more opportunities to expand sustain in global market in long term. In many developed developing countries, information systems are an important part of most peoples lives. Information Technology has created tremendous opportunities in education, science, space, finance and many more areas. Today, most of our business sectors and society has large dependency on information technology. It is impractical to imagine a long term growth survival of any business without Information system. There has been a revolution in IT industry over last two decades but development of IT, communications its equipment has some price. Apart from the financial cost to setup maintain this industry, it is affecting our ecosystem in many other ways. Impact of IT on environment is not just measured by the electricity consumed by IT system hardware but there are other factors like air transport system, carbon emission, noise etc. As per the recent report published by a climate group in London, machines, printers, computer, smart phones etc. are responsible 830m tonne of ca rbon dioxide emission in 2007 globally which is 2% of the total emission by human activities (Schfer, 2013). About one fourth of this emission generates from manufacturing of the computer systems the remaining come from its use. The report also estimates that emission of carbon dioxide from these computers widgets is increasing by 6% every year (Economist, 2009). Nowadays major IT giants are working towards attaining a goal of sustainable development in their organizations. Critical success factors for implementing sustainable development in IT are as follows Execution mechanism or Implementation On a journey of sustainability, commitment from leadership or top management plays a significant role. It gets easy to implement policies when the top bosses believe in it. It actually allows employees to trust each other and to take essential risks (Eccles, 2012). It is important to involve external stakeholders such as suppliers, NGOs, clients, investors make them believe in sustainability strategies. Employee engagement is indispensable practice to make any organizational change policy execution. Employees are valuable assets of any organization play a vital role in implementing sustainable development strategy. Employees stakeholders of an information technology organization must understand the importance of these strategies work collaboratively towards the goal (Atuluku, 2016). There is a dedicated goal in UNs Sustainable Development Goals i.e. Partnerships and Collaboration. It is important to maximize limited resources increase knowledge base which can be achieved by co llaboration. Last but not the least the most important factor is implementing or executing the strategies. This should be achieved in phases (Mindrup, 2016). For e.g. having more energy efficient data centers, using virtual machines or cloud instead of multiple hardware kits, safe disposal of IT assets etc. In old traditional concept, Time, Cost Quality are the fundamental criteria in measuring the success of any IT project. Sustainability is making its strong presence in measuring success of any IT project or a company. Meeting safety standards, sustainable outcome quality are one of the major criteria of a successful project (Basu, 2017). There are many reasons/causes of an IT project or an IT company like ineffective collaboration or coordination of employees with stakeholders, social interaction, ineffective decision making etc. Some researchers argue that sustainability can lead to tension between different stakeholders it is a major challenge to achieve it in large IT projects but by proper planning execution it can be accomplished. The main concerns of sustainability in IT industry are electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emission, hardware disposal, global warming, noise pollution, compliance with current legislation etc. A successful IT company with sustainable developm ent manages gives priority to all the above mentioned concerns. They should have proper policy of disposing end of life hardware or recycling it. They should prefer renewable power from lower carbon emitting resource as an electricity source for their machines. Another way of improving efficiency is to implement virtualization, in which multiple operating system applications can run on same hardware or a physical computer. Green IT is a new jargon promoted by big computer manufacturers. According to a research, 5Ps (Process, Presiding, Pragmatic, People and Performance) should be considered by an IT project manager as proactive measures to achieve sustainable development in IT projects (Taherdoost, 2015). Project managers in IT companies shall play a role of social actors. They need to understand fundamentals of sustainability with proper assessment. They should do a proper research on corporate social responsibility, identify relevant key areas implement it. Proper data analysis, policies technical knowhow leads to a smooth sustainability (Agarwal, 2015). Project Management approach should be to identify areas provision ideas on a project level, unit level or at the organization level as applicable. For example, a manager handling a small project can assess decide if the physical machines can be replaced with virtual machines. Conclusion: The integration of sustainable development is indispensable part of practices followed by IT industry. In todays world mostly all IT giants are working collaboratively efficiently in implementing sustainability practices. As rightly said by United Nations World Commission on Environment that sustainable development meets the need of presence without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs requirement. These practices not only help the organization to grow socially but also enhance their cultural economic growth. References Agarwal, S., 2015. Sustainability in Project Management:, Available at: https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:899231/FULLTEXT01.pdf Atuluku, A., 2016. Critical Success Factors for Business Sustainability, Available at: https://sustyvibes.com/critical-success-factors-business-sustainability/ Basu, R., 2017. Project Success Criteria and Success Factors, Available at: https://www.gpmfirst.com/books/managing-quality-projects Eccles, R., 2012. Critical Success Factors of a Sustainable Company, Available at: https://www.finchandbeak.com/849/critical-success-factors-sustainable.htm Economist, 2009. Computing climate change, Available at: https://www.economist.com/node/14297036 IISD, 1992. Business strategies for sustainable development, pp. 1-4, Available at: https://www.iisd.org/business/pdf/business_strategy.pdf Mindrup, J., 2016. Three Critical Success Factors for the Sustainability Journey, Available at: https://www.questforum.org/sustainability-success-factors/ Mobbs, P., 2012. A practical guide to sustainable IT. pp. 3-6, Available at: https://www.apc.org/sites/default/files/Section1.pdf Petrini, M., 2010. Integrating sustainability into business practices: learning from Brazilian firms, Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1807-76922010000400004 Schfer, T., 2013. Green IT: sustainable communications and information technology, Available at: https://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/global-goals/sdg-09-infrastructure/green-it-sustainable-information-technology/ Taherdoost, H., 2015. How to Lead to Sustainable and Successful IT. Propose 5Ps Guideline. Volume 4, pp. 15-25, Available at: https://elvedit.com/journals/IJACSIT/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/How-to-Lead-to-Sustainable-and-Successful-IT-Project-Management-Propose-5Ps-Guideline.pdf Walsh, K., 2007. Environmentally Sustainable IT topics covering definition, objectives, systems and solutions, Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/2437751/energy-efficiency/environmentally-sustainable-it-definition-and-solutions.html

Creation II Essay Example For Students

Creation II Essay Mrs. Brew 13 May 1996 Intelligent Design of the Universe The search for knowledge about the origin of humanity is as old as its inhabitants. Since the early 1800s mankind has narrowed the debate to creation by a Supreme Being and the theory of evolution. Ever since then, science has been at odds against religion. Now it appears that science is returning to religion. Scientists are finding proof that the universe was created by a Supreme Being. The word evolution refers to the change of something over a period of time(Websters 634). In biology, the theory of evolution is the complex of processes by which living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function(Valentine). This theory proposes that between 4 million and 10 million years ago, all organisms on earth had a common ancestor and that through a process of evolution, all living organisms descended from this common ancestor(Coyne). Chevalier de Lamarck, a French naturalist proposed a theory of evolution in 1809. His idea did not get much scientific consideration until Charles R. Darwin announced his theory of evolution(Coyne). Darwin published his most famous book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection(Valentine) in 1859. Darwin stated that offspring resemble their parents, yet they are not exactly identical to them. He also noted that some of these differences were not effects of their environment, but actually were passed down from parents to children(Valentine). Darwin is the most well known scientist to write on evolution. There are many different variations on the theory of evolution. Darwin states that natural selection is the main reason for the evolution of life. The fight for food, water and other necessities benefits those creatures who are well adapted for the struggle. Those that cannot survive, die with no offspring to continue their genetic line. Natural selection is also called survival of the fittest. Another related idea to evolution is gradualism. Gradualism is the idea that evolutionary changes do not occur suddenly but over large amounts of time, ranging from decades to millions of years(Coyne). Genetic drift is another way that scientists define evolution. When two of a species mate, their offspring gets 23 chromosomes from both parents. When a gene does not split and combine correctly, a mutation occurs. This mutation will get passed down from the creature to its offspring. In this way a species can permanently be changed(Coyne). Scientists who have accepted the general theory of evolution as fact disagree among themselves about the ratio of importance between natural selection and genetic drift. They also disagree about what caused the apparent gaps in fossil layers. New species abruptly(Valentine) appear in the fossil record with no apparent mutation from another species, then remain unchanged for long periods of time. They do not seem to exhibit the gradual changes that would be expected by modern evolutionists(Valentine).Many people, including those in the scientific community, do not accept the theory of evolution as fact. When Darwin was alive, his theory was attacked by many scientists and religious leaders(Coyne). In the 1900s, United States public high schools began teaching evolution in science classes. By the 1920s, laws in twenty states to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools had been proposed by people who did not want their children being indoctrinated. They considered the teaching of the theory to be part of a dangerous trend toward the separation of religious beliefs from everyday life(Coyne). Several of the proposed laws were passed into effect in states including Arkansas and Tennessee. The ACLU challenged the Tennessee law in 1925 by defending a teacher named John T. Scopes, who had volunteered to stand trial on the charge of teaching evolution(Coyne). The ACLU lost the case but because of bad press, creationists appeared ignorant to science. However, in 1968 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that laws banning the teaching of evolution were unconstitutional because they made religious considerations part of the curriculum(Coyne). The courts continue to give rulings on creation and evolution in schools, some have come as recently as 1987(Coyne). The fight to keep evolution out of the classroom is still persevering. Those who are pushing to keep evolution out of the public schools are primarily creationists. Creation is the belief that a Supreme Being created the universe and all its contents from nothing(Vawter). Bioethics Essay The differences between other animals in nature and humans are vast. However, many evolutionists claim that we are animals ourselves. Jonathan Swift shows the absurdity of this comparison in the fourth book of Gullivers Travels. Guliver is living between two extremes: the reason based Houyhnhms and the savage Yahoos. Gulliver tries so hard to fit in with the Houyhnhms, or horses. They conclude that Gulliver must be a perfect Yahoo'(Suits 116), yet Gulliver believes that he is more Houyhnhm. This struggle can represent the origin struggle.The evolutionists say that humans were once like the Yahoos, but by saying that humanity evolved because of an haphazard accident, they are claiming that humans are now the superior being in the universe. They claim we are like the Houyhnhms(Sagan). Humans are not like that. The Houyhnhms are divorced of passion. They have no shame, no temptations, no conception of sin(Williams 62). Marriage is one of the necessary actions in a reasonable being'(63). These definitely do not identify humanity. Gulliver understands none of this(72). Humans have the ability to use reason and humans have certain inherent desires that cannot be reasonably explained: love, marriage, and a sense of right and wrong. Still the debate continues. It seems the double standard at work here is breathtaking(Glynn 32). Scientists who believe in evolution are free to use detailed accounts of what happened 4 billion years ago and base it on Darwin(Sagan). But the moment scientists begin marshalling rather considerable and persuasive evidence for the opposite case, their speculation risks being branded by colleagues as unscientific'(Glynn 32). This parallels the third book of Gullivers Travels. The ways of the respected Laputan people were very precise, according to Gulliver. All their wise men reject what seems obviously the best way preform a task(Williams 49). Member of the Academy are seen trying to weave with spider web and make ice into gunpowder(Swift 196). Such acts of stupidity are Swifts attack on the Royal Society of England in Swifts time; however the apply perfectly to many of the scientists who reject what they do not want to see. The argument about the origin of the universe will definitely continue. There will be those who argue both sides until this world comes to its end. To what extent people believe the Biblical teachings or what some scientists teach is a personal decision. Darwin concluded his book: There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved(Miller 32). The more science seems to dig and research about the origins of humanity, the less likely it is that Earth and all the creatures on it were an accident. All the precision, consistency and detail point to an universal architect, a Supreme Being, God.Bibliography (please disreguard my mess for now) Coyne, Jerry A. Evolution. World Book. CD-ROM Eve, Raymond A. Creationism World Book. CD-ROM Glynn, Patrick. Beyond The Death of God. National Review May 6,1996:28-32. Limbaugh, Rush. The Way Things Ought to Be. New York:Pocket Books, 1992. Miller, Kenneth R. Lifes Grand Design. Technology Review. Feb./March 1994:24-32 CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Life Science. Article 59 Sagan, Carl. Snowflakes Fallen on the Hearth: The Evolution of the Earth. Planetary Report. Jan./Feb. 1993:4-9 CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Earth Science. Article 53 Schneider, E.D, Kay, J.J. Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1994: 25-48. Suits, Conrad. The Role of the Horsesin A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea. 116-125 Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. New York:Penguin,1960. Valentine, James W. Evolution. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp:1994 Vawter, Rev. Bruce. Creation. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp:1994 Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary. Second Edition. 1983 Williams, Kathleen. Animal Rationis Capax. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea. 37-82

Ethics and Governance free essay sample

The Coca-Cola Company did not take into account the stakeholders’ interest, upon the launch of their new product- VitaminWater. First off, the consumers were being misled that the VitaminWater was a healthier alternative, but in real, due to the ingredients contained in the drink, it is not. Upon investigation, the truth in the content of the VitaminWater would be released, and hence consumers worldwide would know the truth of contents. With the act of misleading consumers, there would be extreme negative effects on trustworthiness towards the source of information and the future willingness to buy their products. When this happens, it would be very tough job to gain the consumers’ trust again, in order to have the major market control in the drinks industry. Further to this issue, the label was not clearly communicative due to the fact that the content or ingredients of the drink were not fully stated. Although VitaminWater offered more vitamins for the human body, it was unhealthy due to the fact that the amount of sugar in the water will result in the consumer having a higher chance of getting sugar related health problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Governance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The sugar content, which could be easily and clearly labeled on the drinks, could well be printed on the label of VitaminWater to let known the amount of sugar used to make the drink. Upon probed on whether the sugar content of VitaminWater will contribute more to obesity, the company became defensive, stating that the allegations made were ridiculous and wanted to defend the lawsuit. Another issue that is very unethical would be the over-pricing for VitaminWater. It costs USD 1. 50 for 590ml, which is a very high price compared to the average price of the other drinks that Coca-Cola produces. The fact that not only the drink is costly, but it also harms the body more than it helps the body; it has greatly shown that the Coca-Cola Company overlooked the ethical issues in the company. 3. ) Ethics Policy and its Development 3. 1) Proposed Ethics Policy -The Coca-Cola Company will act with integrity and accountability. -By practicing integrity, we will ensure that all information provided of the products is truthful and genuine to all our consumers. We shall neither engage in any deceptive nor misleading practices. By practicing accountability, we are responsible for our actions and ensure transparency in our processes. All the product components used in the development of our beverages are to meet the right criterion, having the contents of the beverages clearly labeled and communicated clearly to our consumers. -We will have the commitment to take into consideration our stakeholders’ interests, and to make sure that we provide them the products with fairness and equa lity. -We will constantly maintain the highest quality of our products, so as to offer our consumers the excellence quality at a reasonable price. Keep in mind to ensure that the materials used in the manufacturing process are keep to the minimal waste. -We will uphold the ethical standards and corporate social responsibility to portray a positive image, credibility and reputation. 3. 2) Rationale of Ethics Policy The ethics policy has been developed based on the main issues identified from the case study. In order to portray a positive image, trustworthiness, and reputation, it is very essential for company to be accountable for all the negative issues. Further to that, negative issues must be solved and rectified the issues promptly, the soonest possible. This assists to build the company’s credibility and this will attract potential and retain existing consumers to the company. 3. 3) Policy Development Ethics is a set of moral principles and values that individual possesses (Trevino Nelson 2004, p. 13). Ethics, which also refers to a well-developed norms and standards of conduct, is essential to an organization, due to the fact that the employees of the company would have to follow the acceptable ethics to perform their job more effectively. Our group developed the ethics policy by focusing on the following theories: 3. 3. 1) Virtue Ethic Virtue ethic focuses on the individual motivations, character and intentions (Trevino Nelson 2004, p. 93). It is about individual integrity to carry out tasks ethically that aligns with the organisation’s code of ethics. For example, the representative of Coke is supposed to inform the public the right content of the â€Å"healthy drink†. 3. 3. 2) Utilitarianism Ethic Utilitarianism ethic focuses on the consequences of the action on all the people affected by it (Collins 2009). Under utilitarianism, everybody is treated equally and there can be no favouritism based on power or status (Collins 2009). According to Parsons (2004), John Staurt Mill augmented the utilitarianism ethics. She mentioned that ‘neither the intent behind the action nor the fundamental rightness or wrongness of the action is at issue, only the consequences. ’ (Parsons 2004, p. 44). Based on the Coca-Cola case study, Coca-Cola should begin with understanding the consequences on the public reactions towards the introduction of the drink, rather than waiting till consumers complain about it after the fact has been found out. . 3. 3) Kantianism Ethic Kantianism ethic is based on the moral principle that requires everyone to be treated as a free individual equal to everyone else (Velasquez 2002). Velasquez (2002, p. 98) mentioned that ‘Kant’s categorical imperative focuses on a person’s interior motivations and not on the consequences of one’s external actions. ’ According to Kantian theory, moral right or wrong are identified by the reasons the person has for what he tries to do and not measured by the end result (Velasquez 2002). Therefore, a person’s or corporate action that is motivated by a sense of duty is considered as right moral. Based on the Coca-Cola case study, the intention is morally right. 3. 4) Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined as the responsibility and commitments of the company that contribute towards the social, such as community, environment and the general public (De George 1999). It also states that the corporate social responsibility must be able to fulfill both legal and social obligation. Legal obligation refers to obeying the â€Å"lawful† rules and regulations set by the government. Social obligation refers to the action done by the company that impacts make on the society (De George 1999). CSR comprises of four factors and they are law, ethics, economics and philanthropy. This factor allows the company to act as a good citizen while obeying the laws, and is ethical, thus profiting from the business (Gupta Prisch 2008). By adopting a good CSR will enhance the corporation’s image and its reputation thus creating more business demands in the long run (De George 1999). Based on the case study of Coca-Cola, they should adopt CSR so that they would be able to gain back the trust that they have lost from the general public, so in order to improve the sales figures of their products. 4) Implementation, Effectiveness and Limitations 4. 1) Implementation of Ethics Policy To implement the ethics policy successfully, the Coca-Cola Company needs to communicate the policy to all the stakeholders clearly and effectively. It would mean that the employees of the company must understand and practice the ethical standards that they are required to follow. To practice transparency, the company could engage a third party to be involved in the process of manufacturing the products. The third party will verify the product’s components used and ensure that the company follows the ethical standards. Alternatively, the company can allow and arrange for viewing of the manufacturing plant with the media and the public to build the trust in their product development. According to the article, the Hong Kong’s regulators encourage companies to initiate the practice of transparency. Being transparent, it allows the company to be more effective and be committed to uphold the good ethical standards (Mar Young 2001). The company needs to engage internal and external audit to conduct audit checks on the process of manufacturing quarterly or yearly to ensure the manufacturing process is maintained in high standards. With the implementation of the audit checks, the company could also ensure that the prices of the materials used are of reasonable costs to provide the consumers’ the worth value of the products and the shareholders’ the achievable profit. To align with the corporate social responsibility, the company needs to do regular checks, practicing quality control, on the equipments and materials used in the development of product to ensure that all materials are eco-friendly and the products are of excellence quality. One article mentioned that some companies encourage their employees to adopt the environmental initiatives. To take on the environmental initiatives, the company would have to support the idea. This would enhance the company’s overall performance and may increase the efficiency and profitability (Ramus 2002). 4. ) Effectiveness of Ethics Policy The policy is effective with clear communication, audit checks and the practice of transparency. With the clear communication of the policy to the stakeholders, they are aware of the contents of the products. This ensures them the credibility that the company is building; hence they would feel the fairness and the price worthiness of the products. One article indica tes that effective communication is important for business success. It allows companies to exchange information and build good rapport and strong relationships while minimizing the communication barriers (Griffith 2002). The audit checks conducted, will certify the minimum requirements that the company is required to fulfill in order to produce excellence products’ quality. This would also make sure that the material costs are acceptable to achieve consumers’ satisfaction and shareholders’ profit. By practicing transparency, this builds up the trust and confidence level of the stakeholders by educating them with the trips to visit the manufacturing plant. This creates awareness of the methods used and how the products are developed. It has indirectly enhances the credibility of the company. And by arranging such trip visits to the manufacturing plant, the company fosters rapport with the stakeholders and ensuring them that the company encourages corporate social responsibility. From the article, a study was conducted among 460 consumers which results that corporate social responsibility is essential in affecting company’s image and performance. Consumers are more willing to purchase items from those companies that practice CSR. Their perceptions are of the company’s positive ethical practices that lead to increased consumers’ satisfaction, support and reliability (Gupta Prisch 2008). 4. 3) Limitations of Ethics Policy According to the article, Bandura (1999) mentioned that most people used their personal judgments and thinking, to deduce whether or not to accept and follow suit the set of ethical standards set by the company. Employees will usually react with their own behaviours which might not align with those ethical standards of the company (Trevino, Weaver Reynolds 2006). The culture in the company that has been already in long run since the company begins also plays an important role for the employees’ decisions on whether to follow the ethical policies in the company. Regardless to the fact that there is clear communication, with indications of the contents labeled clearly on the products, a limitation would be that consumers, might not be bothered by the sugar level. The main reason to this would be that as some of them are not really health conscious, although given understood the contents of the drinks. Due to these, Coca-Cola must also understand that there would be doubts and questions to be resolved from the media and consumers. Audit checks could well be implemented used to express and show fairness, with the presence of financial statements, in all material respects, Coca-Cola’s financial position and cash flows, including the end results of operations. However, there might be loopholes or situations whereby they are not able to identify the problems even after auditors examine the financial statements and supporting records. . Conclusion From the case study, we learnt that the lack of transparency caused great friction between the Coca-Cola Company and the stakeholders, hence causing disputes over the main issues identified in this report. To salvage the situation, in order to regain the trust and confidence of the stakeholders, the ethics policies in this report are to remedy these issues. The implementations proposed would greatly improve the company’s image an d reputation as there will be transparency in their operation processes. The products’ prices are also justifiable based on the quality. Furthermore, being corporate social responsible, there will be a minimal wastage of materials and environmentally friendly. Despite the limitations of the policy, we believe that based on the findings on the ethical standards, Coca-Cola could take into considerations of such limitations and make improvements to minimize the undesirable outcomes. All employees of Coca-Cola will use this set of ethics as a guideline to maintain and uphold the ethical standards and be responsible towards our society. In the real world, no ethic policy nor governance system is able to fully prevent any mis-happenings in the company, including employees putting their personal interests ahead of the interests of the companies they manage. But many steps can be taken to improve the ethics and governance, and thereby reduce opportunities for getting the wrong things done. The management of the company has an important role to play to make sure that the ethics policy are well written out and let know to the employees of the company. It would also be essential for the management of the company to make sure that employees follow the ethics, rules and regulations promptly to as to achieve a greater milestone, gaining better revenue and achievements, and heading towards the long term goals and targets. 6) Reference List Collins, D 2009, ‘Essentials of business ethics’, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. De George , RT 1999, ‘Business Ethics’, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Donaldson T, Werhane, P Cording, M (eds) 2002, Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach, 7th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Griffith, DA 2002, ‘The role of communication competencies in international business relationship development’, Journal of World Business, vol. 37, issue 4, pp. 256-265, viewed 2 August 2009, ScienceDirect database Gupta, S Pirsch, J 2008, ‘The influence of a retailer’s corporate social responsibility program on re-conceptualizing store image’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 15, issue 6, pp. 516-526, viewed 2 August 2009, ScienceDirect database Ethics And Governance free essay sample It raises the interelated notions of individual rights, fairness, equality and entitlement. The principles vary in numerous dimensions. These issues explore the appropriate distribution of social and economic benefits and related costs. There are five principles included an equal share for each individual, a share according to the needs of each individual, a share according to the efforts of each individual, a share according to the social contribution of each individual and a share according to the merits of each individual. There are three theories of distributive justice included Libertarianism, Utilitarian and Egalitarianism. Libertarianism approach It is a theory that defends unlimited laissez-faire capitalism as the only morally justified regime. Libertarian required for the maximization of freedom and liberty or the minimization of violations in these as long as the corporations don’t harm other’s freedom and not breaking the law. Following Locke, Nozick, the entitlement theory depends on the original acquisition of holding, the legitimate transfer of holdings to/ form others and the illegal acquisition of holdings. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics And Governance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Libertarianism is doesn’t consider actual distributing in society. It means that the right of every individual to unlimited utilization of his own person (self-ownership); and the right to unrestricted, or relatively mildly limited, appropriation of external resources without suffering others and fraud from these transactions. In addition, an individual has exclusive right to all the goods that are product of use of his talents and efforts and he has either the right to appropriate all natural resources, which he finds and takes before others. Whether the distribution is just depends solely on how holdings were acquired. Property rights are derived from an individual’s basic moral rights, which take priority over all social or legislative arrangements imposed by society. This theory is interested only in this that the above procedures are satisfied and that nobody has used violence to take some goods from others. Forceful intervention of the state for the sake of helping the poor is not allowed. Therefore, any taxation involves violating of libertarianism and allowing some people to own other people. As my choosing company PARKnSHOP Supermarket which organized by Hutchison Whampoa Limited, it is affecting environment that stop handing out plastic bags automatically for customers. For libertarian view, they have used the libertarian approach on their corporate actions and the legitimacy of their actions. The customers have their freedom and choice and right to buy something with plastic bag. Everyone kwon that the plastic bag offered by PARKnShop’s which is not good for the environment. However, most of people like to buy something with plastic bag because they have their freedom and self-ownership. For libertarian, it is ethic for PARKnSHOP’s can offer biodegradable bags and do the promotion on use biodegradable bags and involuntary levy on bags to the customers. It is because PARKnSHOP’s is rewarded so long as they are not breaking the law and don’t harm other’s freedom. However, it’s has some arguments against the libertarianism. It is because any taxation and helping environment involves violating of libertarianism. But, it always helping environment and do a lot of community activities such as involvement in the â€Å"Say No to Plastic Bags† campaign. Utilitarian approach Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. Following John Stuart Mill, utilitarian approach is a theory that takes as its primary aims the attainment and concern with maximum possible personal happiness of a society as a whole, which should ultimately determine what is just or unjust behavior. This goal is to be achieved in such a way that one first checks what makes every particular individual in a society happy, then sums up all these various wants and preferences, and finally finds out how to satisfy the greatest number of them. John Stuart Mill acknowledged that the society can receive more return from the more efficient laborer and it is just that talented workers can receive the greater remuneration. It is obtain efficient us of the resources if allow people to benefit from labor. A redistribution of resources increases general happiness of a society. However, the arbitrary and great disparity of distinctions and advocate strict equality may cause the unjust behavior and may cause social breakdown. It is because it would have an adverse influence on the working motivation of the able individuals, and thereby on the overall wealth of the society. Therefore, the utilitarian standard is essential for resolving any conflict between rival principles of justice and increases the allover happiness of a society. The main task is to find a balance between factors that point towards equality and those ones that go against it. It seems that the utilitarian view can be found in PARKnSHOP’s. For PARKnSHOP’s, it concerned with the maximization of happiness of society. It’s has providing a lot of jobs opportunity for the people. Also, PARKnSHOP’s are willing to do the supports community programs, which operate at the grassroots level, usually focused on local, global environment-related issues. It’s always giving back to society and help to create a better end and achieved to the utilitarian. However, it is not mean that can justify the ends. It is because the plastic bag of PARKnSHOP’s is a big problem. The research from the Friends of Earth (HK) shows shoppers want a bag whose need to pay 20 cents for each one. If the levy is constrained, they will initiative to reduce plastic use. One of the reasons of this research is because of they have already build up a habit of using plastic bags. They are driving a change with making profit and contributions. It is a big problem and not concerned with the maximization of personal happiness and argues to the Utilitarian View. Egalitarian approach John Rawls explores the egalitarian approach and tries to determine principles of just society with the help of hypothetical contract among members of a society. His hypothetical introduces the notion of an abstract social contract to establish principles of justice. It is supposed by John Rawls that individuals who make this contract primarily care for their self-interest, that they are rational, well informed about human nature and functioning of society, and that they are placed under so called veil of gnorance. They are also assumed to know nothing about those of their characteristics, individual situation and circumstances that might influence impartiality of the decision-making. In egalitarian, that all members of a society should have the equal social, political, and economic rights and opportunities. John Rawls addressed that each person h as equal right to the most extensive scheme same basic liberties and defends this notion that every individual would be assured justice as equal treatment for all once the veil of ignorance is removed. In addition, John Rawls addressed that social and economic inequalities are to meet two conditions. The two conditions are economic inequalities are allowed but only if they benefit even the least advantaged individuals and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair quality of opportunity. The basic social structure, not the transactions between individuals, should establish justice as a cooperative project for the mutual benefit of society, and minimize the socioeconomic consequences or random natural differences between people. For PARKnSHOP’s, the stakeholders of it is included employees, customers, suppliers materials, wholesales, creditors, government and the environment society. It seems that the equalitarianism can be maintained. It’s paid the high taxes. It’s has always been committed to serving the community through involvement in the territories many social services for all stakeholders as well as charity work such as World Wide Fund for Nature. In addition, they are care about the welfare of people and built up the Li Ka Shing Foundation for the people who in hospital, education, construction and support the community activities and benefit people worldwide. It’s help people in need around the world and gives the equal social, political, and economic rights and opportunities for the people. It is the mutual benefit of society, and minimizes the socioeconomic consequences or random natural differences between people. Moreover, It’s gives the equal job opportunity to the minority and women.

Puerto Rican And U.S. Essays - Psychometrics, Personality Tests

Puerto Rican And U.S. Essays - Psychometrics, Personality Tests Puerto Rican And U.S. Most instruments designed to measure acculturation have relied on specific cultural behaviors and preferences as primary indicators of acculturation. In contrast, feelings of belonging and emotional attachment to cultural communities have not been widely used. The Psychological Acculturation Scale (PAS) was developed to assess acculturation from a phenomenological perspective, with items pertaining to the individual's sense of psychological attachment to and belonging within the Anglo-American and Latino/Hispanic cultures. Responses from samples of bilingual individuals and Puerto Rican adolescents and adults are used to establish a high degree of measurement equivalence across the Spanish and English versions of the scale along with high levels of internal consistency and construct validity. The usefulness of the PAS and the importance of studying acculturation from a phenomenological perspective are discussed. Psychological acculturation refers to changes in individuals' psychocultural orientations that develop through involvement and interaction within new cultural systems. Rather than conceptualizing acculturation as a process in which people lose connection to their original culture (Gordon, 1978), new research has emphasized the individual's negotiation of two cultural entities (Berry, Poortinga, Segall, Buriel, 1993). Responding to distinct sets of norms from the culture of origin and the host culture, acculturating individuals emerge with their own interpretation of appropriate values, customs, and practices as they negotiate between cultural contexts (Berry, 1980). People vary greatly in their abilities to function within new cultural environments (LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993) and may seek different levels of attachment to and involvement in a host culture or their culture(s) of origin (Padilla, 1980). To study individuals' cultural orientations, measures of acculturation traditionally have focused on individuals' behaviors and behavioral preferences and have relied heavily on language use and other behaviors as indicators of acculturation (Marin, Sabogal, VanOss Matin, Otero-Sabogal, Szapocznik, Kurtines, & Fernandez, 1980). For example, Szapocznik et al. (1980) described acculturation as based in two primary dimensions: cultural behaviors and values. Paralleling their conceptualization of acculturation, the Behavioral Acculturation Scale (Szapocznik, Scopetta, Kurtines, & Aranalde, 1978) includes items most closely related to cultural behaviors and preferences (e.g., What language do you speak at home? and What language do you prefer to speak?). Similarly, Cuellar, Harris, and Jasso (1980) measured acculturation with items pertaining primarily to cultural behaviors and values (e.g., What language do you prefer?). This measure also included several items concerning migration history (e.g., Where were you raised?) and one item concerning ethnic self-identification (i.e., How do you identify yourself?). These factors can be important in interpreting individuals' acculturation experiences; however, rather than assessing personal acculturation factors and sociodemographic factors as separate concepts, Cuellar et al. (1980) combined these items within the same measure. We feel that this approach may be problematic in two primary ways. First, such modes of measurement blur distinctions between factual histories of individuals (e.g., age of arrival on the U.S. mainland) and the assessment of individuals' acculturative change. Second, measures heavily based on cultural behaviors may not assess adequately individuals' acceptance and understanding of the values from each culture (Betancourt Rogler, 1994) or grant sufficient attention to individuals' emotional attachments to each culture (Estrada, 1993). Alternatively, new instruments can be designed to measure acculturation as it is psychologically experienced by the individual. Reviews of the acculturation literature have identified cultural loyalty, solidarity, identification, and comprehension as overlapping elements of psychological responses to cultural exposure (Berry, 1980; Betancourt Szapocznik & Kurtines, 1980). To assess these psychological components of acculturation, the 10-item Psychological Acculturation Scale (PAS) was developed. Unlike traditional measures, the PAS targets individuals' psychological negotiation of two cultural entities (in this case, Anglo-American culture and Latino/Hispanic culture), with particular attention to their sense of emotional attachment to and understanding of each culture. This set of studies was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the PAS. In particular, cross-language equivalence, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity were examined. CROSS-LANGUAGE EQUIVALENCE Back translation and decentering are widely used methods for determining cross-language equivalence of a scale (Brislin, 1986). For example, to create a Spanish version of an English-language measure, one person translates from English to Spanish, and a different person translates the Spanish version back into English. Discrepancies in the translated versions are resolved through decentering, a process of several iterations whereby the measure is pulled away from the idiosyncrasies of the source language (i.e., the original English-language version). We share the concerns of Bontempo (1993) and Olmedo (1981) about the validity of this accepted procedure. Even when original and back-translated versions are quite similar, measurement equivalence can still not be assumed or guaranteed for the two language versions because concepts and wordings for scale items originally were produced in only the source language (Bontempo, 1993; Olmedo, 1981). As an alternative,

Successful security management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Successful security management - Research Paper Example Since security is a mission to protect the people, property and the business, an integrated approach in policy making is essential for successful security management. A formal security frame work in an organization incorporates various security controls which need continuous review for an efficient functioning of the security system. A good security management model envisages security standards for effective practice which increases confidence level of the various stakeholders of the organization. The structure for security management in an organization should be established with clear-cut authority and clarity in reporting system since coordination during the times of exigencies and emergencies will be very crucial. This ensures proper communication at all levels, improves coordination and avoids delays Talbot & Jackman (p. 10) state, â€Å"The term â€Å"security† can of course be a much broader term. For example, if we consider security as a â€Å"state of being protected from hazards, danger, harm, loss of injury,† it also includes elements of protection from natural disasters and concepts of organizational resilience.† Security management is closely related to risk management. Risk could emanate due to various factors, such as accidents in work place, damages due to acts of god, eruption of fire, wars, political and communal violence, theft and loss of confidential information and business secrets. Combination of one or more factors may lead to loss of financial resources and bankruptcy. Also, risks involve health and safety of people and property. Liberalization and globalization drive in various countries have actually increased the risk profile of the projects and businesses considerably due to innovations in information technology and telecommunications and pose threats to the lives of industrialists and politicians. Industrial espionage which is aided by sophisticated